The Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Malaria Immunity during Adulthood, Childhood and Pregnancy: A Review
Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad *
Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan.
Bader Saud Alotaibi
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah, Saudi Arabia Kingdom.
Rania Saad Abdulgader
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia Kingdom.
Sufian Khalid M. Noor
Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan.
Rimma Chanysheva
Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, College of Health and Allied Sciences, St. Joseph University in Tanzania, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Awadalla H. Kashif
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Malaria is most prevalent parasitic disease, it caused by coccidian parasite of the genus plasmodium, four species are usually infect human beings, P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malriae and P. ovale, Most of malaria cases resulted from P. falciparum and P. vivax. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environmental sensor exists in many parts of human body such as lung, spleen, gut and breast. In this review we discussed the functions of it as regulator for proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, the possible role of diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding in boosting immunity against malaria during pregnancy and childhood by triggering AHR. Also we hypothesize that probable role of it in synchronizing erythrocytic schizogongy. Experimental studies recommended to know more about the biological protective functions of AHR.
Keywords: Malaria parasite, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, breastfeeding, circadian rhythm of erythrocytic schizogongy, Immunity