Role of Cytokines and Vaccines in Break through COVID 19 Infections
Richard Owusu Nyarko
School of Medicine, American International University of West Africa, The Gambia.
Purabi Saha
Department of Pharmacy, Uttranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Dehradun, India.
Roshan Kumar
Department of Pharmacology, Dev Bhoomi Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Dehradun, India.
Ivan Kahwa
Pharmbiotrac, ACE II, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda.
Edward Amoah Boateng
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
Paul Owusu Boateng
Department of Medicine, Pentecost Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
Asum Christian
School of Medicine, American International University of West Africa, The Gambia.
Asare Bertram
Neurology Intensive Care Unit, Korlebu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Despite efforts to develop a COVID-19 vaccine, it has failed to provide long-term immunity and protection against COVID-19 and the newly worrying SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus strains. Understanding cytokines, which are key in generating unique immune responses from pathogenic organisms, is important for creating vaccines.
Objective: In order to better understand cytokines and how the current COVID-19 vaccinations can assist reactivate latent cytokines, the scientific community and the general public must be educated.
Materials and Methods: Medical and scientific indexing sources like PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search for relevant medical and scientific publications.
Results: After vaccination, cytokines in the immune system can be activated, which can help signal chemicals that can increase the immune system's ability to fight against new and break-through COVID 19 infections.
Conclusion: It has been discovered that both the Pfizer-BioNTech and the Moderna vaccines are safe and effective in preventing break through COVID-19 infections, regardless of whether the patient experiences symptoms or not. It is an adenovirus, not an mRNA, that Johnson & Johnson's vaccine is made of.
Keywords: Cytokines, COVID-19, immunity, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson