Epidemiology, Evaluation and Management of Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome
Mohammed Salah Hussein
Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Dr. Samir Abbas Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Ali Ahmed Alsharif
Ramada PHC, Saudi Arabia.
Yazeed Ibrahim H. Alhofair
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulrahman Mohammed S. Alhuraysi
Jazan University, Saudi Arabia.
Mohamed Fouad Alabsi
Omar Alajaji Polyclinic, Saudi Arabia.
Ibrahim Ahmed Kattan
College of Medicine-King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences – Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Khalid Anwar A. Abo Alela
Almaarefa University, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammed Fawzi Mujallid
King Abdullah Medical Complex, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Ferass Zeyad Timraz
King Abdulaziz University – Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.
Zahra Ahmed Alhababi
King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
Tayil Mutiq Alrashidi
Aljouf University, Saudi Arabia.
Hazem Khairan Althobaiti
Taif University, Saudi Arabia.
Malak Abdulrahman Rajeh
Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmed Sadaka Kadi
East Jeddah Hospital, Saudi Arabia.
Amal Ahmad mobarki
Hail University, Saudi Arabia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome is defined as the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the setting of thrombosis and/or pregnancy loss (APLS).Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune thromboinflammatory condition that affects individuals and their families in a negative and often fatal way. There are the two types of APS: Primary APS, which develops on its own, and secondary APS, which is linked to another autoimmune disorder, most often systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The HLA-DR7, DR4, DRw53, DQw7, and C4 null alleles have all been linked to APLS. APS is frequently misdiagnosed due to clinical diversity and a lack of diagnostic test consistency. The classification criteria were created to categorise APS patients for research reasons, but they can also be used by professionals to establish diagnoses. Unprovoked thrombosis is currently treated with long-term warfarin or another vitamin K antagonist drug. To avoid obstetric complications, low-dose aspirin and prophylactic heparin, primarily low-molecular-weight heparin, are utilised.In this article we’ll be looking at Anti-phospholipid Syndrome, it’s etiology, epidemiology, evaluation and management.
Keywords: Epidemiology, etiology, anti-phospholipid syndrome, antibodies, thrombosis