Causes and Management of Esophageal Hematoma: A Review
Mohammed Salah Hussei
Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Dr Samir Abbas Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
Fahad Ayed Alharbi
KAMCJ, Saudi Arabia.
Moath Saleh S. Alzahrani
Gazi University, Turkey.
R. Alyami,Atheer Mohammed
Vision College, Saudi Arabia.
Seham Salem Almohammadi
KFHM, Saudi Arabia.
Emad Bani Alharbi
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
Khalid Saad Alrashdi
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
Linah saleh Abbas
Albaha University, Saudi Arabia.
Feras Hassan A. Alshehri
IMISU, Saudi Arabia.
Hind Bandar H. Alrashedi
Vision College, Saudi Arabia.
Sarah Salem Almohammadi
KFHM, Saudi Arabia.
Reem Mussaed Aladwani
ISNC, Saudi Arabia.
Majed abdulaziz Almajdui
Meeqat Hospital, Saudi Arabia.
Saud Saad Alradadi
Vision College, Saudi Arabia.
D. Almadani, Bassam Mowafak
King Abdulaziz University, Internship year, Saudi Arabia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Intramural hematoma of the esophagus (IHE) or dissecting intramural hematoma is a relatively unusual complication of acute mucosal and submucosal lesions that results in a blood accumulation between the layers of the esophagus. Esophageal hematoma is a rare condition that can develop spontaneously or as a result of trauma, poisoning, or medical intervention. Mallory-Weiss syndrome, Boerhaave syndrome, and IHE are all forms of acute mucosal damage of the esophagus, with IHE being the rarest of the three. In general, esophageal traumatic damage, including traumatic penetration and perforation, is uncommon, making IHE incidence and prevalence difficult to measure. Although most esophageal hematomas are asymptomatic, they can cause significant chest discomfort, dysphagia, and hematemesis. Esophageal hematomas should be distinguished from Mallory-Weiss tear and Boorhaave's syndrome, which they may closely resemble in such cases. Moreover, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases should be ruled out, therefore further tests such as an electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, and laboratory testing can be useful. The majority of cases resolve with conservative treatments, with symptoms disappearing in 1-2 weeks. NPO, IV fluids, acid suppression, and treatment of coagulopathy are all conservative procedures. This review aims to summarize current evidence on etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and management of esophageal hematoma.
Keywords: Esophageal hematoma, anticoagulation, treatment & management, spontaneously