The Potential Effect of Henna (Stone Dye) Extract Paraphenylenediamine on Human Blood Cells, Liver and Renal Function
Umsalma B. Eissa
Faculty of Productional Technology and Agricultural Processing, International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan.
Fathia Khogali
Faculty of Animal Production, Sudan University for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.
Elamin E. Mohamed
Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
Elbadri E. Osman
Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan.
Osman Mohammed Elmahi
Department Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Karary University, Khartoum, Sudan.
Hisham Ali Waggiallah *
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, Prince Sattam Pin Abdulaziz University, KSA.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Some of the dyes that are used for coloring hair and skin contain a chemical compound called paraphenylenediamine (PPD), which is potentially toxic. The study comprised 50 adult Sudanese women who were selected by stratified random sampling and working as henna artist. Urine samples were taken for detection of PPD while blood samples were taken for investigating kidney and liver functions by measuring its relevant hematological indices. In other hand Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were used to detection of PPD in black henna (stone dye) samples and urine. The PPD was detected in the urine of all women who used the black henna its concentration varied according to duration of exposure being significantly higher in those with >10 years of exposure (p≤0.01). Similarly significant changes in liver function, kidney function and hematological indices were found in the group of women who used natural henna. This study concluded that natural henna is safe to use, while Black dye is potentially hazardous. It contains the high concentration of PPD, is the one most commonly associated with adverse effects.
Keywords: Blood cells, henna, liver function, paraphenylenediamine, renal function