Post-injection Complications. Nicolau Syndrome as a Consequence of Local Irritant Effects of Drugs, Including Antiseptics, Local Anesthetics, NSAIDs, Steroids and Anticoagulants
Aleksandr Urakov *
Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Izhevsk, Russia and Department of Modeling and Synthesis of Technological Processes, Institute of Mechanics, Udmurt Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, Russia.
Natalya Urakova
Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Izhevsk, Russia.
Evgeny Fisher
Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Izhevsk, Russia.
Ilnur Bashirov
Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Izhevsk, Russia.
Sabina Nurlanova
Department of Pharmacology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia.
Anastasia Klimovich
Department of Pharmacology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia.
Albina Fakhretdinova
Department of Pharmacology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia.
Anvar Bakirov
Department of Surgery, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia.
Regina Balametova
Department of Pharmacology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia.
Aleksandr Samorodov
Department of Pharmacology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
It has been shown that some drugs considered to be of good quality today can cause an iatrogenic disease known as Nicolau syndrome. Nicolau syndrome is a rare cutaneous drug reaction occurring after injection many drugs. This disease has been found to be caused by the very strong local irritant activity of drug solutions. It turned out that the standard for assessing the quality of drug solutions does not include assessment of their osmotic activity and the strength of their local irritating effect on various tissues during injection. At the same time, drug solutions produced by different pharmaceutical companies may contain, in addition to the main ingredients, other ingredients (hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, propylene glycol, etc.). Very often the additional ingredients increase the osmotic activity of the drug solution, which is not controlled today, so it remains unknown. This is why drug solutions produced by some pharmaceutical companies can have hypertonic activity, which can sometimes by ignorance reach values that are incompatible with the vital activity of human body tissue cells. Therefore, injections of such drug solutions can have a very strong dehydrating effect on the tissue cells at the injection sites, have a local irritating and cauterizing effect. It has been shown that even steroid solutions in some manufacturers may have excessive hypertonic and acidic activity, which gives them a local irritating effect. This is why in some cases the injection of a steroid solution does not eliminate, but rather increases local inflammation and causes necrosis. Therefore, to exclude postinjection necroses and abscesses, it is proposed to include an assessment of the osmotic activity and local irritant effect of drug solutions in the drug quality control standard and to prohibit the injection of drug solutions with excessive hypertonic activity.
Keywords: Drug quality, drug solutions, osmotic activity, acidic activity, irritant activity, necrosis, abscess