Properdin: An Immune System Regulator That Can Be a Therapeutic Target of the Complement System
Mutaib M. Mashraqi *
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia.
Saeed A. Asiri
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Properdin, a serum glycoprotein, is involved in the immune system regulation, particularly in alternative pathways beginning the complement system. Properdin is made up of cyclic oligomers of monomeric subunits and is generated by various leukocyte subsets. Properdin promotes complement activation, which results in changes withinside the cell milieu that makes contributions to innate and adaptive immunological responses, such as the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, immune cell recruitment, and the development of immune cells involved in antigen presentation. Despite the presence of potential inhibitors (properdin) in serum and the formation of non-physiological aggregates in pure properdin preparations, properdin has emerged as a critical component in a variety of inflammatory illness models. Using the properdin-deficient murine model has aided in the knowledge of how properdin participates in diseases pathophysiology promotion or prevention. Pharmaceutical therapy for complement-dependent damage such as properdin is possible for a variety of acute and chronic problems, fluctuating from entrenched medicines for rare conditions to prospective future therapies for large patient groups such as the pandemic coronavirus-virus disease 2019. The basics of properdin biology are discussed, with a focus on the main hurdles that devour hampered the analysis of outcomes as of properdin-targeted studies.
Keywords: Properdin, immune system, infection, complement therapy, inflammation