Overview on Neurological Manifestations of Thyroid Disease
Mohammed Salah Hussein *
Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Dr Samir Abbas Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Faisal Mohammed Alyahya
Alfaisal University, Saudi Arabia.
Husam Fouad K. Barradah
King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.
Adeeb Abdullah Almuhanaa
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
B. Alzhrani, Olayan Mohammed
King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia.
Abeer Dhaifallah Alanazi
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
Norah Talal Almutairi
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
Riam Saleh Alkhamis
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
Taif Nasser Aljaber
Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
Albishi, Haya Saaed
King Abdullah Hospital, Bishah, Saudi Arabia.
Ahmed Dhaifallah Alghamdi
King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia.
Hussain Ali Al Baqir
King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are both prevalent medical conditions that are frequently accompanied with neurologic and neuromuscular dysfunction. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones are produced by the thyroid gland and play a crucial role in tissue formation and metabolism. Both of these hormones have a variety of impacts on the brain and neuromuscular system. Specially in children, because brain development can be effected by any disturbances in Thyroidal hormones level. And thus, conditions like Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome & Benign Hereditary Chorea is considered genetic thyroidal diseases both will be discussed in this review. hypothyroidism can have serious consequences for neuropsychiatric function. The pathophysiological processes underlying the neurological symptoms of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are likely to be multifactorial, in this review we will be looking at multiple neurological as well as psychiatric manifestations related to thyroidal hormones disorders.
Methods: We used the phrases "hypothyroidism," "hyperthyroidism," "neurological problems," "neuropathy," "myopathy," "congenital hypothyroidism," and "encephalopathy" in a PubMed search, google scholar and google search engines. Case series, individual case reports, systematic reviews, retrospective analyses, and randomized controlled trials were among the papers examined. Classification of thyroidal dysfunction has been made depending on the thyroidal hormones level. The neurological consequences of congenital hypothyroidism were examined, as well as the clinical aspects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism-related neuromuscular disorders, as well as other autoimmune illnesses. Hashimoto encephalopathy's evidence and pathophysiological issues were also examined.
Conclusion: Thyroid is critical organ due to role of its thyroidal hormones, both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism induce some serious neurological and phycological disorders, some of which is genetic, hypothyroidism can impact the development of child and thus regular thyroidal hormones testing is recommended in children who demonstrates any signs of neurological psychiatric or cognitive disease.
Keywords: Neurological, Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, neuromuscular dysfunction psychiatric manifestations hormones disorders