Etiology, Assessment and Management of WDHA (Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, and Achlorhydria) and VIPoma
Mohammed Salah Hussein *
Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Dr. Samir Abbas Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
RIdha A. Bdulmohsen Al Shaqaqiq
Almaarefa University, Saudi Arabia.
Khaled Mubarak Aldhuaina
Kuwait University, Jahra Hospital, Kuwait.
Azhar Abdullah Al-qattan
Ras Tanura General Hospital, Saudi Arabia.
Salwah Mohammed Qaysi
Jazan University, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulrahman Mubarak Almutairi
Riyadh First Healthcare Cluster, Saudi Arabia.
Turki Bjad Bensgayan
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.
Nada Essa Al Essa
Al-Omran General Hospital, Al Ahssa, Saudi Arabia.
Fahad Mohammed Albaqami
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Saudi Arabia.
Fawaz Abduljabbar ALDoohan
Kuwait University, Jahra Hospital, Kuwait.
Afnan Abdullah Obeed aljohani
King Abdulaziz Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Yousef Naif Alobaywi
Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The syndrome of watery diarrhoea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria (WDHA syndrome) is an uncommon disorder marked by severe, watery diarrhoea caused by non–beta pancreatic islet cell oversecretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The onset of the disease is gradual, and diagnosis is often months or years later. Long-term dehydration, electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities, and chronic renal failure are all linked to morbidity. Pancreatic endocrine tumours are extremely rare, with less than 10 incidences per million people. VIPomas are uncommon tumours that affect between 0.05 and 2.0 percent of people. The most prevalent symptom is diarrhoea, which affects at least 89 percent of patients. VIPoma is treated with a combination of medicine and surgery The goal of first medical treatment is to reduce symptoms and restore fluids and electrolytes as quickly as possible
Keywords: Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria, VIPoma, pancreatic endocrine tumour, molecular pathogenesis