Emergence of Mucormycosis during COVID-19 Pandemic in India
Bramhadev Pattnaik
Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SoA University, Odisha, India and ICAR-DFMD, Mukteswar, Nainital, India and FAO Ref Centre for FMD in South Asia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Sharanagouda S. Patil
ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India.
Gayatri Vaidya
Department of Studies in Food Technology, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka- 577007, India.
Mahendra P. Yadav
SVP University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, India.
Shashanka K. Prasad
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka- 570015, India.
Chandan Dharmashekar
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka- 570015, India.
Bhargav Shreevatsa
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka- 570015, India.
Chandrashekar Srinivasa
Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere, Karnataka-577 007, India.
Kollur Shiva Prasad
Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka- 570026, India.
P. Ashwini
Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka- 570015, India.
Chandan Shivamallu *
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka- 570015, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
The present review describes about the disease and the fungal agent in brief, and also stresses for establishment of mechanically ventilated hospital wards across the country. Second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India has been complicated by high infection rate (R0), 600% jump in medical oxygen demand by COVID hospitals, and after all emergence of Mucormycosis since April-May 2021 leading to fatal complications. Mucormycosis is a very rare infection in humans. It is caused by exposure to mucor mould/ fungi which is commonly found in soil, plants, manure, and decaying fruits and vegetables. These Fungi belonging to the class Zygomycetes and order Mucorales often cause devastating angio-invasive infections, primarily in co-morbid and immunocompromised patients. The emergence of mucormycosis is being reported globally. In India, people with diabetes mellitus are highly susceptible to the disease. But during the second wave of Covid-19 in India, several cases of mucormycosis, also called the "black fungus" disease, have been reported among convalescing and convalescent COVID-19 patients across India with a mortality rate of 50%. More than 5000 cases of mucormycosis during the second wave of Covid-19, have been reported in about 21 states of the country, with Maharashtra and Gujarat states reporting highest number of cases (as on 21 May 2021). The infection has claimed over 120 lives so far, and has complicated recovery from Covid-19 in many more. The Indian Union health ministry has declared mucormycosis as a notified disease under the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897.
Keywords: COVID-19, diagnosis and treatment, epidemic disease, India, mucormycosis