Evaluation of the Effects of Atomoxetine on Human Organs: A Systematic Review
Hossein Karballaei Mirzahosseini
Deaprtment of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mohammad Ghenaat Pisheh Sanani
Departmant of Medical, Zahrdan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran.
Yasaman Mousavi Azad *
Guilan University of Medical Science, Guilan, Iran.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Atomoxetine is a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It is used to treat ADHD syndrome through increasing norepinephrine concentration in the synapses and consequently overstimulation of adrenergic receptors. Though, in recent years several reports have been published on the adverse effects and complications of atomoxetine overuse. As a result, this study is conducted to assess the effects of atomoxetine on different human organs. This is a review article in which 54 relevant papers have been evaluated- these studies were found through searching in valid electronic and library databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Medline, and Embase to assess treatment protocols, effectiveness, and adverse effects of atomoxetine. Clinical and experimental studies have proved the side effects and complications of high-dose atomoxetine on weight loss, urinary system complications, cardiovascular issues, liver disorders, behavioural and nervous system problems. Results of the evaluated studies suggest that many patients arbitrarily use high-dose atomoxetine for long-term which may lead to irreversible problems and complications. Consequently, avoiding high-dose atomoxetine is suggested especially in pregnant women and patients with liver disorders.
Keywords: Atomoxetine, side effect, ADHD, human organs, review