https://journaljpri.com/index.php/JPRI <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International (ISSN: 2456-9119)</strong> is dedicated to publish high quality papers (<a href="https://journaljpri.com/index.php/JPRI/general-guideline-for-authors">Click here for Types of paper</a>) in all areas of pharmaceutical Science including pharmaceutical drugs, community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, compounding pharmacy, consultant pharmacy, internet pharmacy, veterinary pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, military pharmacy, pharmacy informatics, pharmaceutics, medicinal chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacotherapy, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical pharmacology, neuropharmacology, psychopharmacology, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, pharmacoepidemiology, toxicology, theoretical pharmacology, posology, pharmacognosy, behavioral pharmacology, environmental pharmacology, medicine development and safety testing, drug legislation and safety, pharmaceutical microbiology, pharmaceutical molecular biology, pharmaceutical biotechnology. By not excluding papers based on novelty, this journal facilitates the research and wishes to publish papers as long as they are technically correct and scientifically motivated. The journal also encourages the submission of useful reports of negative results. This is a quality controlled, OPEN peer-reviewed, open-access INTERNATIONAL journal.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">We are happy to announce that we are now a signatory and a proud member of <a href="https://journaljpri.com/index.php/JPRI/sdg-publishers-compact"><strong>SDG Publishers Compact</strong></a>, an initiative by the United Nations.</p> en-US [email protected] (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International) [email protected] (Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International) Wed, 15 Jul 2026 13:23:37 +0000 OJS 3.3.0.21 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 https://journaljpri.com/index.php/JPRI/article/view/7862 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to antimicrobial resistance, and community pharmacists may support public education and stewardship. </p> <p><strong>Aim:</strong> This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use and perceptions of pharmacists’ educational role among adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from March to April 2026 among adults aged 18 years or older. The questionnaire assessed sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of antibiotic indications and resistance, attitudes, self-reported practices, information sources, and perceptions of pharmacists. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and categorical associations were examined using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests, with p &lt; 0.05 indicating statistical significance.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 141 respondents completed the survey: 87 (61.7%) were female, 123 (87.2%) were Saudi, and 100 (70.9%) had a university education. Knowledge was inconsistent: 98 participants (69.5%) correctly identified that antibiotics treat bacterial infections, and 103 (73.0%) knew that antibiotic misuse leads to resistance. Overall, 93 participants (66.0%) had poor knowledge, and 92 (65.2%) had poor attitudes. Inappropriate practices were common: 71 participants (50.4%) had used antibiotics without a prescription, and 94 (66.7%) had discontinued treatment before completing the course. Most respondents believed that pharmacists explain antibiotic use (99, 70.2%), discourage use without a prescription (91, 64.5%), and help reduce antibiotic misuse (92, 65.2%). Nationality was significantly associated with overall knowledge (p = 0.028) and overall attitude (p = 0.005).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> A notable discrepancy between knowledge and practice was observed: awareness of AMR coexisted with frequent inappropriate antibiotic use. The findings highlight a knowledge–practice gap among adults in Jeddah and indicate the need for future studies evaluating pharmacist-led education, enforcement of prescription-only policies, and behaviour-focused antimicrobial stewardship interventions.</p> Rema Mohamed Alsakhri, Yasir S. Kheir, Elmoiz Babekir, Elsamoual Ibrahim Ahmedani, Mohamed A. El-Moselhy, Ekram Nemr Abd Alhaleem, Bashir A. Yousef Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). The licensee is the journal publisher. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. https://journaljpri.com/index.php/JPRI/article/view/7862 Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000 https://journaljpri.com/index.php/JPRI/article/view/7861 <p>Cephalometric radiography remains the principal diagnostic tool for characterising the anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse relationships of the craniofacial skeleton in orthodontic and orthognathic practice. Since the introduction of standardised cephalometry in the early twentieth century, a large family of angular and linear parameters has been proposed, each attempting to overcome the shortcomings of its predecessors. This integrative review synthesises the current evidence on cephalometric parameters used to assess skeletal discrepancy, tracing their historical development, comparing their diagnostic validity and reliability, and examining recent advances in three-dimensional imaging, soft tissue analysis, growth-related assessment, and artificial intelligence-assisted landmark detection. The literature indicates that no single parameter is universally superior. Angular measures such as the ANB angle remain widely used despite documented sensitivity to nasion position and jaw rotation, while linear alternatives such as the Wits appraisal are influenced by occlusal plane variability. Newer indicators, including the Beta, W, Yen, and Pi measurements, demonstrate improved discriminatory power in several comparative studies but require broader population validation. Cone-beam computed tomography has enabled three-dimensional quantification of skeletal relationships, addressing projection and superimposition errors inherent in two-dimensional radiographs, although radiation dose and cost considerations limit routine use. Digital tracing platforms and convolutional neural network-based landmark detection systems now approach or match manual tracing accuracy, offering efficiency gains without consistently sacrificing precision. Persistent limitations include population-specific normative variation, inconsistent reference plane selection, and a scarcity of longitudinal data linking cephalometric indices to long-term treatment stability. Clinicians are advised to interpret cephalometric findings within a multi-parameter framework rather than relying on any single measurement, and future research should prioritise standardised reporting, external validation of automated systems, and integration of three-dimensional and soft tissue data into unified diagnostic protocols.</p> Alka Dubey, Ram K Ratre, Gauravardhan Kulkarni, Varsha Dogra, Bhumika Daheriya, V. Shafna Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s). The licensee is the journal publisher. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. https://journaljpri.com/index.php/JPRI/article/view/7861 Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000