Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Studies of Hydroethanolic Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica (L.), a Medicinal Plant Used against Microbial Infections and Intestinal Disorders

Thu, 20 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Antibiotic resistance remains a real public health problem. The search for new molecules to effectively combat this problem is becoming a necessity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of hydroethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of Plumbago zeylanica and to highlight the phytochemical compounds present in these extracts. Reference strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and clinical isolates (Escherichia coli ESBL, Shigella spp, Klebsiella spp, Acinetobacter spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Candida albicans) were used. The agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect. The susceptibility of the strains varied, depending on the extract, with a best inhibitory effect of the hydroethanolic extract of P. zeylanica roots on S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus MRSA, Shigella spp and C. albicans. The MICs obtained was between 0.63 and 5 mg/ml. The most effective antimicrobial potential was obtained with the roots extract and staphylococcal strains were the most sensitive to the tested extracts. The tested extracts contain compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, triterpenes and sterols, saponosides and cardenolipid glycosides. These results support the use of P. zeylanica for the treatment of microbial diseases and contribute to the search for new bioactive molecules.

Analytical Study of Guduchyadi Rasayana: An Ayurvedic Formulation for Academic Stress

Gayatri, Harish Singhal — Tue, 25 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Guduchyadi Medhya Rasayana herb is an Ayurvedic formulation herb that is useful to improve memory. It is utilized for the stress management and improvement of cognitive health in children, advocating for the standardization of the intervention for clinical application in stress reduction among pediatric patients as well as general mental. The formulation is composed of eight herbal ingredients: Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera), Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus), Vayvihdanga (Embelia ribes), and Kushtha (Saussurea lappa). This study investigates and validates the pharmacognostic and analytical properties of Guduchyadi Rasayana, with a specific focus on its efficacy in stress reduction for children. Prepared in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), the formulation underwent various analyses, including organoleptic, physicochemical, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Organoleptic testing revealed a greenish-yellow color and a pleasant fragrance. Physicochemical results indicated an alcohol-soluble extractive value of 29.94%, total ash content of 9.54%, and water-soluble extractive of 22.07%. TLC fingerprinting provided distinct Rf values (0.48, 0.51, 0.73, 0.83, 0.90), identifying several active phytochemicals that may contribute to its stress-relieving effects. The study’s findings confirm that a broad spectrum of active ingredients in Guduchyadi Rasayana supports its standardization for clinical use. However, any clinical study can assess its efficacy in pediatric stress reduction and overall mental well-being.

Azadirachta indica Natural Active Ingredients to Cure Mpox: In silico Targeting VP39

Wed, 26 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

VP39 is an essential enzyme in the Mpox virus acting as methyltransferase for RNA capping to translate viral mRNA during human infection. This enzyme adds a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of viral mRNAs, imitating the capping mechanism of the host cells to evade immune detection. Efficient RNA capping carried out by VP39 enhances protein expression and viral replication, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of the virus. Thus, the agent VP39 is highly attractive as a therapeutic target for inhibiting Mpox virus replication. In silico work were performed on the 2'-O-methyltransferase activity in VP39 and explored for inhibition by natural compounds from Azadirachta indica (neem). Stigmasterol, which is the most active of the phytochemicals in the neem, is a phytosterol exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulatory properties. Molecular docking studies using Autodock Blow on the SeamDock web-based platform indicate a binding affinity of -7.98 kcal/mol of stigmasterol with the enzyme VP39. This negative figure indicates strong interactions and can be interpreted to put stigmasterol in contention as an antagonist for VP39-mediated RNA capping. This would disrupt viral replication. For this reason, understanding compound-protein interactions is essential in paving a better path toward neem-based therapies. Such linkages of the inhibitory action of stigmasterol and other neem compounds to the activity of VP39 would form part of their therapeutic relevance. Linking findings of molecular docking with drug discovery clearly show the need to find compounds with strong binding affinities to prime viral targets. However, many hurdles need to be crossed before all this interesting progress can be translated into a fairly clinical setting, including verifying efficacy and safety at the level of pharmacokinetics, standardizing different compounds, and obtaining regulatory approvals by means of robust clinical trial programs. All of these phases are necessary for pre-discovery in therapeutic applications against the Mpox virus.

Systematic Implementation of Quality by Design (QbD): A Perspective from Generic Pharmaceutical Industries

Rajanikant Patel, Santosh Kesarpu, Bipin Patel — Sat, 29 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Quality by Design (QbD) is a structured approach to pharmaceutical development that ensures predefined product quality by understanding and controlling manufacturing processes from the outset. Unlike traditional methods focusing on end-product testing, QbD emphasizes building quality into the product design itself, enhancing manufacturing efficiency and regulatory compliance. This review highlights the application of QbD in developing generic solid oral drug products, emphasizing tools like risk assessment, process design, and control strategies to achieve consistent quality. Key components include identifying and managing Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), Critical Process Parameters (CPPs), and Critical Material Attributes (CMAs), which influence formulation, process development, and overall performance. The integration of Design of Experiments (DoE) to systematically study the effects of multiple variables on product and process performance, enabling optimization and robust development and effective control strategies are also discussed in this article. Addressing regulatory expectations, particularly those from the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), this review outlines how QbD principles help generics meet bioequivalence standards, ensuring consistent quality and performance. Applying QbD not only enhances product robustness and manufacturing efficiency but also improves patient safety through better process understanding and continuous improvement. This review article outlines the various steps involved in the development of generic drug products using the QbD approach from analysis of brand product to product lifecycle management and continual improvement.

Herbal Formulations in Management of Dermatitis

Arna Pal, Beduin Mahanti, Sudipta Chakraborty — Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Dermatitis, a persistently harmful skin condition, impacts millions of people globally. Redness, itching, and skin lesions are the hallmarks of dermatitis. The need for innovative approaches to therapy is highlighted by the significant side effects and poor efficacy of indigenous treatments, such as topical corticosteroids and immunomodulators. Herbal compositions offer a natural way to treat dermatitis. The compilation of the most recent information on the mechanisms, safety, and longevity of herbal formulations for the treatment of dermatitis is the aim of this thorough and extensive review. Collectively it indicates that skin lesions, irritation, and itching may be substantially minimized by using such medicines that comprise ingredients like turmeric, mango, ginkgo, and aloe vera, among others. These medications are a viable alternative to conventional medicines because of their typically good tolerance and minimal adverse reactions. The mechanisms behind the therapeutic advantages of herbal remedies in dermatitis include wound healing, antioxidant action, preventing microbial multiplication, and altering inflammatory cascades. These formulations contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids that have been responded to skin disorders associated with dermatitis. This review highlights the potential of Phyto-pharmaceutically tailored herbal formulations as a secure, all-nature, and effective alternative to treat dermatitis. More studies are timely demand better understanding the mechanisms of action and to standardize the production and quality control of natural means in different dermatological treatments.