• Submission

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

  • About
    • About the Journal
    • Submissions & Author Guideline
    • Accepted Papers
    • Editorial Policy
    • Editorial Board Members
    • Reviewers
    • Propose a Special Issue
    • Printed Hard copy
    • Subscription
    • Membership
    • Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement
    • Digital Archiving
    • Contact
  • Archives
  • Indexing
  • Publication Charge
  • Submission
  • Testimonials
  • Announcements
Advanced Search
  1. Home
  2. Archives
  3. 2021 - Volume 33 [Issue 60A]
  4. Original Research Article

Submit Manuscript


Subscription



  • Home Page
  • Author Guidelines
  • Editorial Board Member
  • Editorial Policy
  • Propose a Special Issue
  • Membership

Prevalence and Patterns of Sport Supplements Use among Gym Attendants and Competitive Athletes in North Cyprus

  •  Deniz Erdağ
  •  Özgür Tosun
  •  Hasan Ulaş Yavuz

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, Page 860-870
DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i60A34559
Published: 20 December 2021

  • View Article
  • Download
  • Cite
  • References
  • Statistics
  • Share

Abstract


Aims: The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the prevalence, motivation for use, information and purchase sources of supplements among male competitive team sports athletes and recreational gym users in North Cyprus.


Study Design: The sample size was calculated based on the total population size according to the reports obtained from the gyms and the records of the related federations (soccer, basketball, volleyball) of TRNC. For a confidence level of 95 % and a confidence interval of 2.5 %; the required sample size was calculated as 804. The study covered more participants to ensure the statistical power to remain over 80 %. Calculations were performed with G*Power (for Mac Version 3.1.9.3).


Place and Duration of Study: 8 gyms located in 6 different districts in Northern Cyprus between june2020 and July 2020.


Methodology: A structured questionnaire measuring prevalence and patterns of supplements was administered to 902 participants (329 gym attendants, 562 team sports athletes, 18-40 years old, men). Statistical differences between sex, age group and sports participation were done by using a Chi-square analysis. Differences were considered significant at a p-value <0.05.


Results: Overall, 54% of all subjects reported use of dietary supplements, showing a significantly higher percentage among gym attendants (62%) compared to team sport athletes (50%). The most popular dietary supplement among all subjects was protein (46.9%), followed by amino acids (22.6%), multivitamins (20.7%) and creatine (18.8%). Overall, the most important reasons for using supplements were increasing strength (52%), increasing energy (37.6%), insufficient nutrition (32.4%) and increase durability (32.4%). Trainers were the most common source of information for both groups and overall (33.5%), followed by gym friends for the gym attendants and pharmacies for the team sport athletes (30.2%).


Conclusion: The prevalence was higher among the gym attendants compared to competitive athletes. This finding is in conflict with the related literature. It might be explained by the low level of competition and athletic performance in North Cyprus. The most popular source of information was trainers in our study and these findings were in compliance with the related literature.


Keywords:
  • Nutritional supplements
  • gym user
  • motivation
  • attitude
  • Full Article - PDF
  • Review History




How to Cite

Erdağ, D., Tosun, Özgür and Yavuz, H. U. (2021) “Prevalence and Patterns of Sport Supplements Use among Gym Attendants and Competitive Athletes in North Cyprus”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(60A), pp. 860-870. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i60A34559.
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver

References

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Dietary supplements; 2017. Retrieved: https://www.fda.gov/default.htm

Kim J, Choi J, Kwon SY, McEvoy JW, Blaha MJ, Blumenthal RS, Guallar E, Zhao D, Michos ED. Association of Multivitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes. 2018;11: e004224

Garthe I, Maughan RJ. Athletes and Supplements: Prevalence and Perspectives. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(2):126-138. DOI:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0429. Epub 2018 Mar 26. PMID: 29580114.

Larson-Meyer DE, Woolf K, Burke L. Assessment of nutrient status in athletes and the need for supplementation. Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2018;28:139–158.

Knapik JJ, Steelman RA, Hoedebecke SS, Austin KG, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46:103–123.

Mettler S, Bosshard JV, Häring D, Morgan G. High Prevalence of Supplement Intake with a Concomitant Low Information Quality among Swiss Fitness Center Users. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2595. Published 2020 Aug 26. DOI:10.3390/nu12092595

Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM, Vernec A. Making Decisions About Supplement Use. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018; 28(2):212-219. DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0009. Epub 2018 Mar 22. PMID: 29565185.

Lacerda FMM, Carvalho WRG, Hortegal EV, Cabral NAL, Veloso HJF. Factors associated with dietary supplement use by people who exercise at gyms. Revista de saude publica. 2015;49:63.

Ruano J, Teixeira VH. Prevalence of dietary supplement use by gym members in Portugal and associated factors. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020;17:11. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00342-z

Baltazar-Martins G, Brito de Souza D, Aguilar-Navarro M, Munoz-Guerra J, MDM P, Del Coso J. Prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement use in elite Spanish athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019; 16(1):30.

Attlee A, Haider A, Hassan A, Alzamil N, Hashim M, Obaid RS. Dietary supplement intake and associated factors among gym users in a university community. J Dietary Suppl. 2018;15(1):88–97.

Erdağ D, Tosun Ö, Yavuz HU. The Use of Dietary Supplements Among Public High School Students in North Cyprus. Cyprus J Med Sci. 2020;5(2):157-62.

Kobayashi E, Sato Y, Umegaki K, Chiba T. The Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use among College Students: A Nationwide Survey in Japan. Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1250.

Braun H, Koehler K, Geyer H, Kleiner J, Mester J, Schanzer W. Dietary supplement use among elite young german athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2009; 19:97–109.

Sanchez-Oliver AJ, Grimaldi-Puyana M, Dominguez R. Evaluation and behavior of spanish bodybuilders: Doping and sports supplements. Biomolecules. 2019;9:122.

Dietz P, Ulrich R, Niess A, Best R, Simon P, Striegel H. Prediction profiles for nutritional supplement use among young German elite athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2014;24(6):623–631.

Parnell JA, Wiens K, Erdman KA. Evaluation of congru- ence among dietary supplement use and motivation for supplemen- tation in young, Canadian athletes. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2015;12:49.

Pedrinelli A, Ejnisman L, Fagotti L, Dvorak J, Tscholl PM. Medications and nutritional supplements in athletes during the 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 FIFA futsal world cups. BioMed Research International. 2015;870308. DOI:10.1155/2015/870308

Alshammari SA, AlShowair MA, AlRuhaim A. Use of hormones and nutritional supplements among gyms’ attendees in Riyadh. J Fam Community Med. 2017; 24(1):6.

El Khoury D, Antoine-Jonville S. Intake of nutritional supplements among people exercising in gyms in Beirut city. J. Nutr. Metab. 2012;703490.

Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, Schoenfeld BJ, Henselmans M, Helms E, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(6): 376–84.

Sv V, Beals JW, Martinez IG, Skinner SK, Burd NA. Achieving optimal post- exercise muscle protein remodeling in physically active adults through whole food consumption. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):224.

Sousa M, Fernandes MJ, Moreira P, Teixeira VH. Nutritional supplements usage by Portuguese athletes. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2013;83(1):48–58.

Nieper A. Nutritional supplement practices in UK junior national track and field athletes. The British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005;39(9):645–649. PubMed DOI:10.1136/bjsm.2004.015842

Heikkinen A, Alaranta A, Helenius I, Vasankari T. Dietary supplementation habits and perceptions of supplement use among elite Finnish athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2011;21(4):271–279. PubMed DOI:10.1123/ijsnem. 21.4.271

Denham BE. Athlete information sources about dietary supple- ments: A review of extant research. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2017;27(4):325–334. PubMed DOI:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0050
  • Abstract View: 224 times
    PDF Download: 59 times

Download Statistics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
  • Linkedin
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • WhatsApp
  • Telegram
Make a Submission / Login
Current Issue
  • Atom logo
  • RSS2 logo
  • RSS1 logo
Information
  • For Readers
  • For Authors
  • For Librarians


© Copyright 2010-Till Date, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. All rights reserved.