Therapeutic Role of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) - A Review
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International,
Page 9-16
DOI:
10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i29B31584
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a common kitchen spice that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It is rich in phytochemistry that is promoting health benefits. It is used as a home remedy to support the common cold, headaches, and pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiemetic, antiulcer, and anti-cancer, antiplatelet, anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering activities. Gingerols are key ingredients found in ginger that convert into zingerone, shogaol, and parasols, giving flavor and odor. Zingerone and shogaol are present in limited quantities in fresh ginger and more in dried or extracted goods. Especially 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol are pharmacological properties that are effective in antipyretic, analgesic, and hypotensive. The present review is about different therapeutic properties of ginger, including antioxidant properties, anti-diabetic properties, anti-cancer properties etc.
Keywords:
- Ginger
- anti-diabetic
- antioxidant properties
- anti-cancer
- anti-inflammatory
How to Cite
Kausar, T., Anwar, S., Hanan, E., Yaseen, M., Aboelnaga, S. M. H. and Azad, Z. R. A. A. (2021) “Therapeutic Role of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) - A Review”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(29B), pp. 9-16. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i29B31584.
References
Sabulal B, Dan M, Kurup R, Pradeep NS, Valsamma RK, George V. Caryophyllene-rich rhizome oil of Zingiber nimmonii from South India: Chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity. Phytochemistry. 2006;67(22):2469-73.
Kausar T, Kausar MA, Khan S, Haque S, Azad ZRAA. Optimum additive composition to minimize fat in functional goat meat nuggets: A healthy red meat functional food. Processes. 2021;9 (3).
Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M. Therapeutic potentials of ginger for treatment of multiple sclerosis: A review with emphasis on its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2018;324:54-75.
Ali BH, Blunden G, Tanira MO, Nemmar A. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008;46(2):409-20.
Sharma PK, Singh V, Ali M. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of fresh rhizome essential oil of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2016;8(3).
Kumeshini S, Kumar G, Kumar P, Banu G. Ethnobotanical survey of anti-diabetic medicinal plant s used by the native people of Palayapalayam, Namakka l District, Tamilnadu, India. Inter J Pharma Sci Res. 2013;1(5):448-55.
Anh NH, Kim SJ, Long NP, Min JE, Yoon YC, Lee EG, et al. Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):157.
Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM. Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry. 2015;117:554- 68.
Jolad SD, Lantz RC, Solyom AM, Chen GJ, Bates RB, Timmermann BN. Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(13):1937- 54.
Sivasothy Y, Chong WK, Hamid A, Eldeen IM, Sulaiman SF, Awang K. Essential oils of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade and their antibacterial activities. Food chemistry. 2011;124(2):514- 7.
Ashutosh Kumar Y, Reetu, Arun G. Antidiabetic Effects of [10]-Gingerol in Streptozotocin- and High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2019:77-80.
Y.A. MY. Gingerol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 2016(929):177-207.
Jiang H, Xie Z, Koo HJ, McLaughlin SP, Timmermann BN, Gang DR. Metabolic profiling and phylogenetic analysis of medicinal Zingiber species: Tools for authentication of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Phytochemistry. 2006;67(15):1673-85.
Nicoll R, Henein MY. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a hot remedy for cardiovascular disease?. International Journal of Cardiology. 2009;131(3):408- 9.
Li H, Liu Y, Luo D, Ma Y, Zhang J, Li M, et al. Ginger for health care: An overview of systematic reviews. Complementary therapies in medicine. 2019;45:114- 23.
Ahmed RS, Suke SG, Seth V, Chakraborti A, Tripathi AK, Banerjee BD. Protective effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinales Rosc.) on lindane-induced oxidative stress in rats. Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(7):902-6.
Uz E, Karatas OF, Mete E, Bayrak R, Bayrak O, Atmaca AF, et al. The effect of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinals Rosc) on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidneys. Renal failure. 2009;31(4):251- 60.
Ramaa CS, Shirode AR, Mundada AS, Kadam VJ. Nutraceuticals-an emerging era in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2006; 7(1):15-23.
Hussein MR, Abu Dief, E. E., Abou El Ghait, A. T., Adly, M. A., & Abdelraheem, M. H. (2006). Morphological evaluation of the radioprotective effects of melatonin against X-ray induced early and acute testis damage in Albino rats: an animal model. International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 2006;87(3):237-50.
Viljoen E, Visser J, Koen N, Musekiwa A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutrition Journal. 2014;13(1):20.
Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2018;31(19):2509-14.
Maghbooli M, Golipour F, Moghimi Esfandabadi A, Yousefi M. Comparison between the efficacy of ginger and sumatriptan in the ablative treatment of the common migraine. Phytotherapy Research. 2014;28(3):412-5.
Grzanna R, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger - an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2005;8(2):125-32.
Young H-Y, Luo Y-L, Cheng H-Y, Hsieh W-C, Liao J-C, Peng W-H. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of [6]-gingerol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;96(1-2):207-10.
Minghetti P, Sosa S, Cilurzo F, Casiraghi A, Alberti E, Tubaro A, et al. Evaluation of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of ginger dry extracts from solutions and plasters. Planta Medica. 2007;73 (15):1525-30.
Black CD, Herring MP, Hurley DJ, O'Connor PJ. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise. The Journal of Pain. 2010;11(9):894-903.
Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni EM, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Matthews KR, Ayatollahi SA, et al. Plants of the genus Zingiber as source of antimicrobial agents: From Tradition to Pharmacy;2017.
Nile SH, Park SW. Chromatographic analysis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of ginger extracts and its reference compounds. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015;70:238-44.
Gupta R, Singh PK, Singh R, Singh RL. Pharmacological activities of Zingiber officinale (ginger) and its active ingredients: A review. International Journal of Innovation Science and Research. 2016;4:1-18.
Tabibi H, Imani H, Atabak S, Najafi I, Hedayati M, Rahmani L. Effects of ginger on serum lipids and lipoproteins in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 2016;36(2):140-5.
Arzati MM, Honarvar NM, Saedisomeolia A, Anvari S, Effatpanah M, Arzati RM, et al. The effects of ginger on fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes. International journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2017;15(4).
Koo KLK, Ammit AJ, Tran VH, Duke CC, Roufogalis BD. Gingerols and related analogues inhibit arachidonic acid-induced human platelet serotonin release and aggregation. Thrombosis Research. 2001;103(5):387-97.
Ryan JL, Heckler CE, Roscoe JA, Dakhil SR, Kirshner J, Flynn PJ, et al. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces acute chemotherapy-induced nausea: A URCC CCOP study of 576 patients. Supportive care in cancer. 2012;20(7):1479-89.
Zick SM, Ruffin MT, Lee J, Normolle DP, Siden R, Alrawi S, et al. Phase II trial of encapsulated ginger as a treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2009;17(5):563-72.
Mahomoodally MF, Aumeeruddy MZ, Rengasamy KRR, Roshan S, Hammad S, Pandohee J, et al., editors. Ginger and its active compounds in cancer therapy: From folk uses to nano-therapeutic applications. Seminars in Cancer Biology; 2019: Elsevier.
Jeong C-H, Bode AM, Pugliese A, Cho Y-Y, Kim H-G, Shim J-H, et al. [6]-Gingerol suppresses colon cancer growth by targeting leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Cancer Research. 2009;69(13):5584- 91.
Rahman AA, Makpol S, Jamal R, Harun R, Mokhtar N, Ngah WZW. Tocotrienol-rich fraction,[6]-gingerol and epigallocatechin gallate inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of glioma cancer cells. Molecules. 2014;19(9):14528-41.
Manju V, Nalini N. Chemopreventive efficacy of ginger, a naturally occurring anticarcinogen during the initiation, post-initiation stages of 1, 2 dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2005;358(1-2):60-7.
Kim M, Miyamoto S, Yasui Y, Oyama T, Murakami A, Tanaka T. Zerumbone, a tropical ginger sesquiterpene, inhibits colon and lung carcinogenesis in mice. International Journal of Cancer. 2009;124(2):264-71.
Yodkeeree S, Sung B, Limtrakul P, Aggarwal BB. Zerumbone enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the induction of death receptors in human colon cancer cells: Evidence for an essential role of reactive oxygen species. Cancer Research. 2009;69(16):6581-9.
Parveen K, Siddiqui WA, Arif JM, Kuddus M, Shahid SMA, Kausar MA. Evaluation of vegetables and fish oils for the attenuation of diabetes complications. Cellular and Molecular Biology. 2019;65(7).
Shidfar F, Rajab A, Rahideh T, Khandouzi N, Hosseini S, Shidfar S. The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on glycemic markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2015;12(2):165-70.
Bhandari U, Pillai KK. Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;97(2):227- 30.
Nammi S, Sreemantula S, Roufogalis BD. Protective effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome on the development of metabolic syndrome in high‐fat diet‐fed rats. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2009;104(5):366-73.
Arablou T, Aryaeian N, Valizadeh M, Sharifi F, Hosseini A, Djalali M. The effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and some inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2014;65(4):515- 20.
Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Talaei B, Jalali B-A, Najarzadeh A, Mozayan MR. The effect of ginger powder supplementation on insulin resistance and glycemic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2014;22(1):9-16.
Aryaeian N, Shahram F, Mahmoudi M, Tavakoli H, Yousefi B, Arablou T, et al. The effect of ginger supplementation on some immunity and inflammation intermediate genes expression in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Gene. 2019;698:179-85.
Martins LB, Rodrigues AMdS, Rodrigues DbF, dos Santos LC, Teixeira AnLc, Ferreira AVM. Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) addition in migraine acute treatment. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(1):68-76.
Marx W, McCarthy AL, Ried K, McKavanagh D, Vitetta L, Sali A, et al. The effect of a standardized ginger extract on chemotherapy-induced nausea-related quality of life in patients undergoing moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy: A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):867.
Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Naderi Z, Dehghan A, Nadjarzadeh A, Fallah Huseini H. Effect of ginger supplementation on proinflammatory cytokines in older patients with osteoarthritis: outcomes of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of nutrition in gerontology and geriatrics. 2016;35(3):209-18.
Paritakul P, Ruangrongmorakot K, Laosooksathit W, Suksamarnwong M, Puapornpong P. The effect of ginger on breast milk volume in the early postpartum period: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Breastfeeding Medicine. 2016;11(7):361-5.
Attari VE, Ostadrahimi A, Jafarabadi MA, Mehralizadeh S, Mahluji S. Changes of serum adipocytokines and body weight following Zingiber officinale supplementation in obese women: A RCT. European Journal of Nutrition. 2016;55(6):2129-36.
Khandouzi N, Shidfar F, Rajab A, Rahideh T, Hosseini P, Taheri MM. The effects of ginger on fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein AI and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetic patients. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR. 2015;14(1):131.
Sanaati F, Najafi S, Kashaninia Z, Sadeghi M. Effect of ginger and chamomile on nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in iranian women with breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2016;17(8):4125- 9.
Matsumura MD, Zavorsky GS, Smoliga JM. The effects of pre-exercise ginger supplementation on muscle damage and delayed onset muscle soreness. Phytotherapy Research. 2015;29(6):887-93.
Kashefi F, Khajehei M, Alavinia M, Golmakani E, Asili J. Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on heavy menstrual bleeding: A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research.2015;29(1):114-9.
Kausar T, Kausar MA, Khan S, Haque S, Azad ZRAA. Optimum additive composition to minimize fat in functional goat meat nuggets: A healthy red meat functional food. Processes. 2021;9 (3).
Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M. Therapeutic potentials of ginger for treatment of multiple sclerosis: A review with emphasis on its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2018;324:54-75.
Ali BH, Blunden G, Tanira MO, Nemmar A. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008;46(2):409-20.
Sharma PK, Singh V, Ali M. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of fresh rhizome essential oil of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2016;8(3).
Kumeshini S, Kumar G, Kumar P, Banu G. Ethnobotanical survey of anti-diabetic medicinal plant s used by the native people of Palayapalayam, Namakka l District, Tamilnadu, India. Inter J Pharma Sci Res. 2013;1(5):448-55.
Anh NH, Kim SJ, Long NP, Min JE, Yoon YC, Lee EG, et al. Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):157.
Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM. Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry. 2015;117:554- 68.
Jolad SD, Lantz RC, Solyom AM, Chen GJ, Bates RB, Timmermann BN. Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(13):1937- 54.
Sivasothy Y, Chong WK, Hamid A, Eldeen IM, Sulaiman SF, Awang K. Essential oils of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade and their antibacterial activities. Food chemistry. 2011;124(2):514- 7.
Ashutosh Kumar Y, Reetu, Arun G. Antidiabetic Effects of [10]-Gingerol in Streptozotocin- and High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2019:77-80.
Y.A. MY. Gingerol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 2016(929):177-207.
Jiang H, Xie Z, Koo HJ, McLaughlin SP, Timmermann BN, Gang DR. Metabolic profiling and phylogenetic analysis of medicinal Zingiber species: Tools for authentication of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Phytochemistry. 2006;67(15):1673-85.
Nicoll R, Henein MY. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a hot remedy for cardiovascular disease?. International Journal of Cardiology. 2009;131(3):408- 9.
Li H, Liu Y, Luo D, Ma Y, Zhang J, Li M, et al. Ginger for health care: An overview of systematic reviews. Complementary therapies in medicine. 2019;45:114- 23.
Ahmed RS, Suke SG, Seth V, Chakraborti A, Tripathi AK, Banerjee BD. Protective effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinales Rosc.) on lindane-induced oxidative stress in rats. Phytotherapy Research. 2008;22(7):902-6.
Uz E, Karatas OF, Mete E, Bayrak R, Bayrak O, Atmaca AF, et al. The effect of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinals Rosc) on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidneys. Renal failure. 2009;31(4):251- 60.
Ramaa CS, Shirode AR, Mundada AS, Kadam VJ. Nutraceuticals-an emerging era in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 2006; 7(1):15-23.
Hussein MR, Abu Dief, E. E., Abou El Ghait, A. T., Adly, M. A., & Abdelraheem, M. H. (2006). Morphological evaluation of the radioprotective effects of melatonin against X-ray induced early and acute testis damage in Albino rats: an animal model. International Journal of Experimental Pathology. 2006;87(3):237-50.
Viljoen E, Visser J, Koen N, Musekiwa A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutrition Journal. 2014;13(1):20.
Sharifzadeh F, Kashanian M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Rezaian F, Sheikhansari N, Eshraghi N. A comparison between the effects of ginger, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and placebo for the treatment of the first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2018;31(19):2509-14.
Maghbooli M, Golipour F, Moghimi Esfandabadi A, Yousefi M. Comparison between the efficacy of ginger and sumatriptan in the ablative treatment of the common migraine. Phytotherapy Research. 2014;28(3):412-5.
Grzanna R, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger - an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2005;8(2):125-32.
Young H-Y, Luo Y-L, Cheng H-Y, Hsieh W-C, Liao J-C, Peng W-H. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of [6]-gingerol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;96(1-2):207-10.
Minghetti P, Sosa S, Cilurzo F, Casiraghi A, Alberti E, Tubaro A, et al. Evaluation of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of ginger dry extracts from solutions and plasters. Planta Medica. 2007;73 (15):1525-30.
Black CD, Herring MP, Hurley DJ, O'Connor PJ. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise. The Journal of Pain. 2010;11(9):894-903.
Sharifi-Rad M, Varoni EM, Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Matthews KR, Ayatollahi SA, et al. Plants of the genus Zingiber as source of antimicrobial agents: From Tradition to Pharmacy;2017.
Nile SH, Park SW. Chromatographic analysis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of ginger extracts and its reference compounds. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015;70:238-44.
Gupta R, Singh PK, Singh R, Singh RL. Pharmacological activities of Zingiber officinale (ginger) and its active ingredients: A review. International Journal of Innovation Science and Research. 2016;4:1-18.
Tabibi H, Imani H, Atabak S, Najafi I, Hedayati M, Rahmani L. Effects of ginger on serum lipids and lipoproteins in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 2016;36(2):140-5.
Arzati MM, Honarvar NM, Saedisomeolia A, Anvari S, Effatpanah M, Arzati RM, et al. The effects of ginger on fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes. International journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2017;15(4).
Koo KLK, Ammit AJ, Tran VH, Duke CC, Roufogalis BD. Gingerols and related analogues inhibit arachidonic acid-induced human platelet serotonin release and aggregation. Thrombosis Research. 2001;103(5):387-97.
Ryan JL, Heckler CE, Roscoe JA, Dakhil SR, Kirshner J, Flynn PJ, et al. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces acute chemotherapy-induced nausea: A URCC CCOP study of 576 patients. Supportive care in cancer. 2012;20(7):1479-89.
Zick SM, Ruffin MT, Lee J, Normolle DP, Siden R, Alrawi S, et al. Phase II trial of encapsulated ginger as a treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2009;17(5):563-72.
Mahomoodally MF, Aumeeruddy MZ, Rengasamy KRR, Roshan S, Hammad S, Pandohee J, et al., editors. Ginger and its active compounds in cancer therapy: From folk uses to nano-therapeutic applications. Seminars in Cancer Biology; 2019: Elsevier.
Jeong C-H, Bode AM, Pugliese A, Cho Y-Y, Kim H-G, Shim J-H, et al. [6]-Gingerol suppresses colon cancer growth by targeting leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Cancer Research. 2009;69(13):5584- 91.
Rahman AA, Makpol S, Jamal R, Harun R, Mokhtar N, Ngah WZW. Tocotrienol-rich fraction,[6]-gingerol and epigallocatechin gallate inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of glioma cancer cells. Molecules. 2014;19(9):14528-41.
Manju V, Nalini N. Chemopreventive efficacy of ginger, a naturally occurring anticarcinogen during the initiation, post-initiation stages of 1, 2 dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2005;358(1-2):60-7.
Kim M, Miyamoto S, Yasui Y, Oyama T, Murakami A, Tanaka T. Zerumbone, a tropical ginger sesquiterpene, inhibits colon and lung carcinogenesis in mice. International Journal of Cancer. 2009;124(2):264-71.
Yodkeeree S, Sung B, Limtrakul P, Aggarwal BB. Zerumbone enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the induction of death receptors in human colon cancer cells: Evidence for an essential role of reactive oxygen species. Cancer Research. 2009;69(16):6581-9.
Parveen K, Siddiqui WA, Arif JM, Kuddus M, Shahid SMA, Kausar MA. Evaluation of vegetables and fish oils for the attenuation of diabetes complications. Cellular and Molecular Biology. 2019;65(7).
Shidfar F, Rajab A, Rahideh T, Khandouzi N, Hosseini S, Shidfar S. The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on glycemic markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2015;12(2):165-70.
Bhandari U, Pillai KK. Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;97(2):227- 30.
Nammi S, Sreemantula S, Roufogalis BD. Protective effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome on the development of metabolic syndrome in high‐fat diet‐fed rats. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2009;104(5):366-73.
Arablou T, Aryaeian N, Valizadeh M, Sharifi F, Hosseini A, Djalali M. The effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and some inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2014;65(4):515- 20.
Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Talaei B, Jalali B-A, Najarzadeh A, Mozayan MR. The effect of ginger powder supplementation on insulin resistance and glycemic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2014;22(1):9-16.
Aryaeian N, Shahram F, Mahmoudi M, Tavakoli H, Yousefi B, Arablou T, et al. The effect of ginger supplementation on some immunity and inflammation intermediate genes expression in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Gene. 2019;698:179-85.
Martins LB, Rodrigues AMdS, Rodrigues DbF, dos Santos LC, Teixeira AnLc, Ferreira AVM. Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) addition in migraine acute treatment. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(1):68-76.
Marx W, McCarthy AL, Ried K, McKavanagh D, Vitetta L, Sali A, et al. The effect of a standardized ginger extract on chemotherapy-induced nausea-related quality of life in patients undergoing moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy: A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):867.
Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Naderi Z, Dehghan A, Nadjarzadeh A, Fallah Huseini H. Effect of ginger supplementation on proinflammatory cytokines in older patients with osteoarthritis: outcomes of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of nutrition in gerontology and geriatrics. 2016;35(3):209-18.
Paritakul P, Ruangrongmorakot K, Laosooksathit W, Suksamarnwong M, Puapornpong P. The effect of ginger on breast milk volume in the early postpartum period: A randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Breastfeeding Medicine. 2016;11(7):361-5.
Attari VE, Ostadrahimi A, Jafarabadi MA, Mehralizadeh S, Mahluji S. Changes of serum adipocytokines and body weight following Zingiber officinale supplementation in obese women: A RCT. European Journal of Nutrition. 2016;55(6):2129-36.
Khandouzi N, Shidfar F, Rajab A, Rahideh T, Hosseini P, Taheri MM. The effects of ginger on fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein AI and malondialdehyde in type 2 diabetic patients. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR. 2015;14(1):131.
Sanaati F, Najafi S, Kashaninia Z, Sadeghi M. Effect of ginger and chamomile on nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in iranian women with breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2016;17(8):4125- 9.
Matsumura MD, Zavorsky GS, Smoliga JM. The effects of pre-exercise ginger supplementation on muscle damage and delayed onset muscle soreness. Phytotherapy Research. 2015;29(6):887-93.
Kashefi F, Khajehei M, Alavinia M, Golmakani E, Asili J. Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on heavy menstrual bleeding: A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research.2015;29(1):114-9.
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