A Systematic Review of the Clinical Studies in Humans for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Clinical Manifestation, Diagnosis and Clinical Trials
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International,
Page 62-79
DOI:
10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i19B31339
Abstract
Background: In December 2019 Chinese higher officials have acknowledged a number of cases of pneumonia happened in Wuhan, China with those patients who used the seafood from market selling live animals. At the end of December 2019, a kind of new pneumonia feast quickly in Wuhan, China, a novel coronavirus (2019-nCov).
Objective: Systematic analysis of the completed clinical trials in humans due to coronavirus disease in 2019 between January 12, 2020, to May 30, 2020 in 11 countries and possibly to recommend the ways to overcome the COV-2 pandemic.
Methods: Clinical studies completed in humans for the treatment of coronavirus disease in 2019 were looked for two databases, namely PubMed and Scopus. Based on the search terms, a total of 369 articles were downloaded. Of the total 369 articles, 38 duplicate articles were removed and 331 articles were screened with objective criterion. From the 331 articles, 168 articles were screened for excluded based on abstract screening and left with 163. Based on the exclusion criteria, 82 review articles, 51 articles not related to SARSCOV- 2 and 4 articles not written in English, in total 137 articles were excluded. Eventually, 26 articles were reviewed with required parameters for conclusive remarks.
Results: Of all the completed human clinical trials conducted in 11 countries obtained from https://clinicaltrials.gov/, the total patients included in the clinical trials from January 12, 2020 to May 30, 2020 were 6130. Out of them 1060 (17.29%) were only females and the rest 5070 (82.71%) were both males and females. From all patients studied, 163 patients were 30-70 years old, 60 patients were 60 years old, 2531 patients were of all age groups and the rest 3376 patients were ≥ 18 years old. Of all the completed clinical trials in 11 countries, eight different interventional models and four study types were used.
Conclusion: From the analysis of segregated results it is apparent that there was inclusion of patients with varied age group in the studies conducted with very less amount of patients from ≤ 18 years old, old age group and only females. The prime reason for least percentage inclusion of different age groups could be the weaker inherent immune response for the pandemic. COVID-19 can cause a conceivably deadly infection in humans. The most typical clinical manifestations reported by patients with coronavirus disease in 2019 were fever, cough, and expectoration. Approval of vaccines for control of COVID-19 is yet to be officially done, although now few vaccines are administered. Knowing the way to enter the cell and the mechanism on how to escape the immune system can be the potential targets to develop a novel SARS-COV-2 treatment protocol.
Keywords:
- COVID-19
- coronavirus disease 2019
- clinical manifestation
- diagnosis
- pneumonia
- SARS-COV-2
How to Cite
Belachew, G. T., Hanumanthaiah, P., Namo, F. M. and Tekelemariam, B. A. (2021) “A Systematic Review of the Clinical Studies in Humans for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Clinical Manifestation, Diagnosis and Clinical Trials”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(19B), pp. 62-79. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i19B31339.
References
Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. “Coronavirus infections – more than just the common cold,” JAMA, Epub ahead of print; 2020.
Munster VJ, Koopmans M, Doremalen van N, et al. “A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China-key Questions for Impact Assessment”. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):692-694,
Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. “Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Int J Infect Dis, Epub ahead of print; 2020.
Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Consensus Statement on “The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARSCoV-2,” Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536– 544,
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-2019) Situation Reports 1−45; World Health Organization; 2020.
Available:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus- 2019/situationreports.
Maguire BJ, Guérin PJ. “A living systematic review protocol for COVID-19 clinical trial registrations” [version 1; peer review: 2 approved], Wellcome Open Res. 2020;5(60).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15821.1
COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition, “Global coalition to accelerate COVID-19 clinical research in resource-limited settings,” Lancet; 2020.
Article in press.
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30798-4. Epub 2020 Apr 2.
Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. “SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients”. New Engl and Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(12):1177- 9,
Yang X, Y Yu, Xu J, Shu H, Liu H, Wu Y, et al., “Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study.” The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(5):475-481.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al., “Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China”. Jama. 2020;323(1):1061-9.
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. “Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China,” New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
Fan E, Brodie D, Slutsky AS. “Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Advances in diagnosis and treatment”. Jama. 2018;319(7):698-710.
Dane B, Brusca-Augello G, Kim D, Katz DS. “Unexpected findings of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) at the lung bases on abdominopelvic CT”. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2020;215(3):603- 606.
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. “Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study,” The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, Huang H, Zhang L, Zhou X, Du C, Zhang Y. “Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China”. JAMA Intern Med, Online ahead of print; 2020.
[cited 2020 Mar 21].
Mehta P, Mcauley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. “COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression”. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033-1034,
Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Jia H, Cai H, Zhang X, Hu J, L Zheng, Wang X, Zhang S, Ye C. “Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 465 hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) from Zhejiang province in China,” Influenza and other respiratory viruses.
Available at:https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12758
Accessed on May 12, 2020.
Stower H. “Virological assessment of SARS-CoV-2,” Nature medicine. 2020;26(4):465.
Reusken CB, Broberg EK, Haagmans B, A. Meijer VM, Corman A. Papa R. Charrel C, Drosten M, Koopmans K, Leitmeyer.” Laboratory readiness and response for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in expert laboratories in 30 EU/EEA countries,” Eurosurveillance. 2020; 25(6).
Article ID 2000082.
World Health Organization (WHO) Diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2, 2020. Reference No: WHO/2019 nCoV/laboratory/2020.6,copyright:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Available:https://Www.Who.Int/Publications/I/Item/Diagnostic-Testing-For-Sars-Cov-2
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020. CDC’s Diagnostic Test for COVID19 only and Supplies; 2020.
Available:https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019 ncov/lab/virusrequests
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Yu T. “Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study”. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y. “Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China.” Jama. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z. “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China,” The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC, Poon RW, Tsoi HW. “A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster”. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23.
Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin DY, Chen L, Wang M. “Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19,” Jama. 2020;323(14):1406- 7.
Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, et al. “A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019nCoV) infected pneumonia(standardversion),” Military Medical Research. 2020;7(4).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, Cruz CS, Sharma L. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China,” Jama. 2020;323(11):1092-3.
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al., “A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019,” New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(8):727-733.
Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, Zhang N, Huang M, Zeng X, et al. “CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019nCoV)”. Radiology. 2020;295(1):202-207.
Available:https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/search
Siegel D, Hui HC, Doerffler E, Clarke MO, Chun K, Zhang L, et al. “Discovery and Synthesis of a Phosphoramidate Prodrug of a Pyrrolo[2,1-f][triazin-4-amino] Adenine C-Nucleoside (GS-5734) for the Treatment of Ebola and Emerging Viruses”. J. Med. Chem. 2017;60(5):1648– 1661.
Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey RT Jr, Mbaya OT, Proschan M, Mukadi D, ML, et al. “A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics,” N. Engl. J. Med. 2019;381(24):2293-2303.
Furuta Y, Komeno T, Nakamura T. “Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase,” Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. 2017;93(7):449- 463.
Wagsta KM, Sivakumaran H, Heaton SM, Harrich D, Jans DA. “Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin alpha/beta-mediated nuclear import able to inhibitreplication of HIV-1 and dengue virus,” Biochem. J. 2012;443(3):851–856.
Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. “Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: An old drug against today’s diseases,” Lancet Infect, Dis. 2003;3(11):722-727.
Kadam RU, Wilson IA. “Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2016;114(2):206-214.
Shi S, Xiaocheng L, Hua H, Xiaoyan W, Mingming Z, Hui G, Mao M. “Advances in research on SARS-CoV-2,” Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (MedicalSciences). 2020;4(41).
Available:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1399.R.20200224.0944.010.html.
Article ID0705,
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al., “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China,” Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506,
Baden LR, Rubin EJ. “Covid-19 the search for effective therapy,” N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1851-1852,
World Health Organization. (2020) . WHO R&D Blueprint: informal consultation on prioritization of candidate therapeutic agents for use in novel coronavirus 2019 infection, Geneva, Switzerland. WorldHealthOrganization; 2020.
Available:https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330680
Yang Y, Yang M, Shen C, Wang F, Yuan J, Li J, et al. “Evaluating the accuracy of different respiratory specimens in the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring the viral shedding of 2019-nCoV infections,” medRxiv, The preprint server for health sciences, Preprint Article; 2020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.11.20021493
Czumbel LM, Kiss S, Farkas N, Mandel I, Hegyi AE, Nagy AK, et al. “Saliva as a Candidate for COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing: A Meta-Analysis,” medRxiv. The preprint server for health sciences, preprint article; 2020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.20112565.
Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, Campbell M, Tokuyama M, Vijayakumar P, et al. “Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs,” medRxiv. The preprint server for health sciences; 2020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.20067835.
Pan Y, Zhang D, Yang P, Poon LLM, Wang Q. “Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples”. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):411-2.
Jewett C, Bailey M, Renwick D. “Exclusive: Nearly 600 — and Counting — US Health Workers Have Died Of COVID 19,” Kaiser Health News; 2020.
Available:https://khn.org/news/exclusive-investigation-nearly-600-and counting-ushealth- workers-have-died-of-covid-19/.
Böhmer MM, Buchholz U, Corman VM, Hoch M, Katz K, Marosevic DV, et al. Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in Germany resulting from a single travel associated primary case: A case series,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020;20(8):920-928.
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, et al. “The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2,” Nature Microbiology. 2020;5(4):536- 44,
European Commission (EC), “Current performance of COVID-19 test methods and devices and proposed performance criteria (16 April 2020), Brussels; 2020.
Available:https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/40805
European Commission (EC),” COVID-19 in Vitro Diagnostic Devices and Test Methods Database”; 2020.
Available: https://covid19 diagnostics.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Graham RL, Menachery VD, Gralinski LE, Case JB, et al. “Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses”. Sci. Transl. Med. 2017;9(396).
Article ID: eaal3653.
Agostini ML, Andres EL, Sims AC, Graham RL, Sheahan TP, Lu X, et al. “Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease,” mBio. 2018; 9(2).
Article ID: e00221-18.
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. “Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro,” Cell Res. 2020;30(3):269–271,
Chen C, Huang J, Cheng Z, Wu J, Chen S, Zhang Y, et al. “Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” medRxiv, Preprint from medRxiv; 2020.
DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432.
Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagsta KM, “The FDA-approved Drug Ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro,” Antivir. Res. 2020; 178.
Article ID: 104787.
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787.
Epub 2020 Apr 3.
Molina JM, Delaugerre C, Go JL, Mela-Lima B, Ponscarme D, Goldwirt L, de Castro N. “No benefit of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in people hospitalized with COVID-19”. Med. Mal. Infect. 2020;50(4):384.
Vaccine Centre. “COVID-19 vaccine development pipeline”, London School of Hygiene and Torpical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; 2020.
[Updated 5 June 2020].
Available:https://vac lshtm.shinyapps.io/ncov_vaccine_landscape/
Zhu FC, Li YH, Guan XH, Hou LH, Wang WJ, Li JX, et al. “Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID- 19 vaccine: A dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial,” Lancet. 2020;395:1845– 54.
European Medicines Agency (EMA), “Treatments and vaccines for COVID-19 2020”; 2020. Available:https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/humanregulatory/overview/publichealththreats/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/treatmentsvaccines- covid-19.
Diamond MS, and Pierson TC. The challenges of vaccine development against a new virus during a pandemic”. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;27(5):699-703.
Subbarao K. “SARS-CoV-2: A New Song Recalls an Old Melody,” Cell Host AND Microbe. 2020;27(5):692- 4.
World Health Organization (WHO). “Solidarity” clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments”; 2020. Available:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-onnovel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments.
INSERM, “Launch of a European clinical trial against COVID-19. PRESS RELEASE | 22 MAR 2020-13H00, By Inserm Press Office, Immunology, Inflammation, Infectiology And Microbiology; 2020.
Available: https://presse.inserm.fr/en/launch-of-a-european-clinical-trial-against-covid-19/38737/
European Medicines Agency (EMA). “Update on treatments and vaccines against COVID-19 under development,” Science Medicine Health, Press release 31/03/2020; 2020.
Article ID: EMA/160083/2020.
Available:https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/update-treatments-vaccines-against-covid-19-under-development
Munster VJ, Koopmans M, Doremalen van N, et al. “A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China-key Questions for Impact Assessment”. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):692-694,
Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. “Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Int J Infect Dis, Epub ahead of print; 2020.
Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Consensus Statement on “The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARSCoV-2,” Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536– 544,
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-2019) Situation Reports 1−45; World Health Organization; 2020.
Available:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus- 2019/situationreports.
Maguire BJ, Guérin PJ. “A living systematic review protocol for COVID-19 clinical trial registrations” [version 1; peer review: 2 approved], Wellcome Open Res. 2020;5(60).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15821.1
COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition, “Global coalition to accelerate COVID-19 clinical research in resource-limited settings,” Lancet; 2020.
Article in press.
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30798-4. Epub 2020 Apr 2.
Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. “SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients”. New Engl and Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(12):1177- 9,
Yang X, Y Yu, Xu J, Shu H, Liu H, Wu Y, et al., “Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study.” The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(5):475-481.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al., “Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China”. Jama. 2020;323(1):1061-9.
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. “Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China,” New England journal of medicine. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
Fan E, Brodie D, Slutsky AS. “Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Advances in diagnosis and treatment”. Jama. 2018;319(7):698-710.
Dane B, Brusca-Augello G, Kim D, Katz DS. “Unexpected findings of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) at the lung bases on abdominopelvic CT”. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2020;215(3):603- 606.
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. “Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study,” The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, Huang H, Zhang L, Zhou X, Du C, Zhang Y. “Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China”. JAMA Intern Med, Online ahead of print; 2020.
[cited 2020 Mar 21].
Mehta P, Mcauley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. “COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression”. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033-1034,
Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Jia H, Cai H, Zhang X, Hu J, L Zheng, Wang X, Zhang S, Ye C. “Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 465 hospitalized cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) from Zhejiang province in China,” Influenza and other respiratory viruses.
Available at:https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12758
Accessed on May 12, 2020.
Stower H. “Virological assessment of SARS-CoV-2,” Nature medicine. 2020;26(4):465.
Reusken CB, Broberg EK, Haagmans B, A. Meijer VM, Corman A. Papa R. Charrel C, Drosten M, Koopmans K, Leitmeyer.” Laboratory readiness and response for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in expert laboratories in 30 EU/EEA countries,” Eurosurveillance. 2020; 25(6).
Article ID 2000082.
World Health Organization (WHO) Diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2, 2020. Reference No: WHO/2019 nCoV/laboratory/2020.6,copyright:CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Available:https://Www.Who.Int/Publications/I/Item/Diagnostic-Testing-For-Sars-Cov-2
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020. CDC’s Diagnostic Test for COVID19 only and Supplies; 2020.
Available:https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019 ncov/lab/virusrequests
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Yu T. “Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study”. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y. “Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China.” Jama. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z. “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China,” The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, Xing F, Liu J, Yip CC, Poon RW, Tsoi HW. “A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster”. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23.
Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin DY, Chen L, Wang M. “Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19,” Jama. 2020;323(14):1406- 7.
Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, et al. “A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019nCoV) infected pneumonia(standardversion),” Military Medical Research. 2020;7(4).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, Cruz CS, Sharma L. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China,” Jama. 2020;323(11):1092-3.
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al., “A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019,” New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(8):727-733.
Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, Zhang N, Huang M, Zeng X, et al. “CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019nCoV)”. Radiology. 2020;295(1):202-207.
Available:https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/search
Siegel D, Hui HC, Doerffler E, Clarke MO, Chun K, Zhang L, et al. “Discovery and Synthesis of a Phosphoramidate Prodrug of a Pyrrolo[2,1-f][triazin-4-amino] Adenine C-Nucleoside (GS-5734) for the Treatment of Ebola and Emerging Viruses”. J. Med. Chem. 2017;60(5):1648– 1661.
Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey RT Jr, Mbaya OT, Proschan M, Mukadi D, ML, et al. “A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics,” N. Engl. J. Med. 2019;381(24):2293-2303.
Furuta Y, Komeno T, Nakamura T. “Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase,” Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. 2017;93(7):449- 463.
Wagsta KM, Sivakumaran H, Heaton SM, Harrich D, Jans DA. “Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin alpha/beta-mediated nuclear import able to inhibitreplication of HIV-1 and dengue virus,” Biochem. J. 2012;443(3):851–856.
Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. “Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: An old drug against today’s diseases,” Lancet Infect, Dis. 2003;3(11):722-727.
Kadam RU, Wilson IA. “Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2016;114(2):206-214.
Shi S, Xiaocheng L, Hua H, Xiaoyan W, Mingming Z, Hui G, Mao M. “Advances in research on SARS-CoV-2,” Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (MedicalSciences). 2020;4(41).
Available:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1399.R.20200224.0944.010.html.
Article ID0705,
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al., “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China,” Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506,
Baden LR, Rubin EJ. “Covid-19 the search for effective therapy,” N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1851-1852,
World Health Organization. (2020) . WHO R&D Blueprint: informal consultation on prioritization of candidate therapeutic agents for use in novel coronavirus 2019 infection, Geneva, Switzerland. WorldHealthOrganization; 2020.
Available:https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330680
Yang Y, Yang M, Shen C, Wang F, Yuan J, Li J, et al. “Evaluating the accuracy of different respiratory specimens in the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring the viral shedding of 2019-nCoV infections,” medRxiv, The preprint server for health sciences, Preprint Article; 2020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.11.20021493
Czumbel LM, Kiss S, Farkas N, Mandel I, Hegyi AE, Nagy AK, et al. “Saliva as a Candidate for COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing: A Meta-Analysis,” medRxiv. The preprint server for health sciences, preprint article; 2020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.20112565.
Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, Campbell M, Tokuyama M, Vijayakumar P, et al. “Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs,” medRxiv. The preprint server for health sciences; 2020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.16.20067835.
Pan Y, Zhang D, Yang P, Poon LLM, Wang Q. “Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples”. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):411-2.
Jewett C, Bailey M, Renwick D. “Exclusive: Nearly 600 — and Counting — US Health Workers Have Died Of COVID 19,” Kaiser Health News; 2020.
Available:https://khn.org/news/exclusive-investigation-nearly-600-and counting-ushealth- workers-have-died-of-covid-19/.
Böhmer MM, Buchholz U, Corman VM, Hoch M, Katz K, Marosevic DV, et al. Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in Germany resulting from a single travel associated primary case: A case series,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020;20(8):920-928.
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, et al. “The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2,” Nature Microbiology. 2020;5(4):536- 44,
European Commission (EC), “Current performance of COVID-19 test methods and devices and proposed performance criteria (16 April 2020), Brussels; 2020.
Available:https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/40805
European Commission (EC),” COVID-19 in Vitro Diagnostic Devices and Test Methods Database”; 2020.
Available: https://covid19 diagnostics.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Graham RL, Menachery VD, Gralinski LE, Case JB, et al. “Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses”. Sci. Transl. Med. 2017;9(396).
Article ID: eaal3653.
Agostini ML, Andres EL, Sims AC, Graham RL, Sheahan TP, Lu X, et al. “Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease,” mBio. 2018; 9(2).
Article ID: e00221-18.
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. “Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro,” Cell Res. 2020;30(3):269–271,
Chen C, Huang J, Cheng Z, Wu J, Chen S, Zhang Y, et al. “Favipiravir versus Arbidol for COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” medRxiv, Preprint from medRxiv; 2020.
DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432.
Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagsta KM, “The FDA-approved Drug Ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro,” Antivir. Res. 2020; 178.
Article ID: 104787.
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787.
Epub 2020 Apr 3.
Molina JM, Delaugerre C, Go JL, Mela-Lima B, Ponscarme D, Goldwirt L, de Castro N. “No benefit of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in people hospitalized with COVID-19”. Med. Mal. Infect. 2020;50(4):384.
Vaccine Centre. “COVID-19 vaccine development pipeline”, London School of Hygiene and Torpical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; 2020.
[Updated 5 June 2020].
Available:https://vac lshtm.shinyapps.io/ncov_vaccine_landscape/
Zhu FC, Li YH, Guan XH, Hou LH, Wang WJ, Li JX, et al. “Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID- 19 vaccine: A dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial,” Lancet. 2020;395:1845– 54.
European Medicines Agency (EMA), “Treatments and vaccines for COVID-19 2020”; 2020. Available:https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/humanregulatory/overview/publichealththreats/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/treatmentsvaccines- covid-19.
Diamond MS, and Pierson TC. The challenges of vaccine development against a new virus during a pandemic”. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;27(5):699-703.
Subbarao K. “SARS-CoV-2: A New Song Recalls an Old Melody,” Cell Host AND Microbe. 2020;27(5):692- 4.
World Health Organization (WHO). “Solidarity” clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments”; 2020. Available:https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-onnovel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments.
INSERM, “Launch of a European clinical trial against COVID-19. PRESS RELEASE | 22 MAR 2020-13H00, By Inserm Press Office, Immunology, Inflammation, Infectiology And Microbiology; 2020.
Available: https://presse.inserm.fr/en/launch-of-a-european-clinical-trial-against-covid-19/38737/
European Medicines Agency (EMA). “Update on treatments and vaccines against COVID-19 under development,” Science Medicine Health, Press release 31/03/2020; 2020.
Article ID: EMA/160083/2020.
Available:https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/update-treatments-vaccines-against-covid-19-under-development
-
Abstract View: 284 times
PDF Download: 86 times
Download Statistics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
