Prevalence of Malaria with Anaemia and HIV Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Onitsha, Nigeria
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International,
Page 10-19
DOI:
10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i431166
Abstract
The major health problems affecting pregnant women in sub-Saharan African are anaemia, malaria and HIV. A case-control study aimed at determining the prevalence of malaria, anaemia and HIV status among women of reproductive age between 20-49 years attending General Hospital, Onitsha was conducted. Blood samples of three hundred and sixty-two apparently healthy gravid women attending antenatal and 181 non-gravid apparently healthy women in Onitsha were recruited using random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Haemoglobin was estimated using automated method, Malaria, diagnosed microscopically using gold standard staining method and HIV screened using qualitative immunochromatographic method, confirmed molecularly. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 21. Results revealed that out of the 362 pregnant test groups,125 (34.5%) had malaria parasite (mp) in their blood and were anaemic 53(37.6%) though fewer in control groups ;23,14 (12.7%; 16.1%) (p = 0.195; p =0.055). Out of 347 HIV sero-negative pregnant women, 110 (31.7%) tested HIV positive when confirmed by PCR molecular method while only 1(0.6%) sero-negative controls were confirmed positive with molecular method with statistical significance observed in the test and control groups (p = 0.000; p = 0.000). However, as pregnancy affects HIV serology testing, it is necessary to use molecular method to increase its sensitivity and more enlightment programmes on the importance of balanced diet, compliance to Malaria control and routine gynecological drugs intake in pregnant women.
Keywords:
- Malaria control
- anaemia
- reproductive age
- pregnant women
- HIV.
How to Cite
Ezeoru, V. C., Enweani, I. B., Ochiabuto, O., Nwachukwu, A. C., Ogbonna, U. S., & Obeagu, E. I. (2021). Prevalence of Malaria with Anaemia and HIV Status in Women of Reproductive Age in Onitsha, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(4), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i431166
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Ukibe SN,Ukibe NR, Mbanugo JI, Ikeakor LC. Prevalence of malaria among pregnant women attending antenatals clinics in hospitals in Anambra state, South East Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of parasitology. 2016;37(2):240-244.
Ejike BU, Ohaeri CC, Amaechi EC, Ejike EN, Okike-Osisiogu FU, Irole-Eze OP, Belonwu AC. Prevalence of falciparium malaria among women in Aba south local government area, Abia state, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Parasitology. 2017;38(1):48-52.
Opara KN, Ibanga ES, Wali NB, Usip LP. Falciparium malaria and susceptibility to genetic markers of pregnant women; 2004.
Igwe PC, Inem V, Ebuehi OM, Afolabi BM. The effect of insecticide treated bed net use on malaria episode parasitemia and haemoglobin concentration among the peri-urban settlement in south-east Nigeria. Journal of Rural and Tropical Public Health. 2007;6:24-32.
Matemo D, Kinuthia J, John FBS, Chung M, Farguhar C, John-stewart G, Karrie J. Indeterminate rapid HIV-1 test results among antenatal and postnatal mothers. Intj STD AIDS 2009;20(11):790-792.
Koura GK, Ouedraogo S, Le Port A. Anaemia during pregnancy: Impact on birth outcome and infant haemoglobin level during the first 18 months of life. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2012;17(3):283-291.
TerKuile F, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA. Reduction of malaria during pregnancy by permethrin-treated nets in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission. America Journal of Tropical Medicine Hygiene. 2003;68(4):50–60.
Balarajan Y, Ramakrishnan E, Shankar AH, Subramanian SV. Anaemia in low income and middle income countries. The Lancet. 2011;378(9809):2123-2135.
Odhiambo C, Zeh C, Angira F, Opollo V, Akinyi B, Masaba R, Williamson JM, Otieno J, Mlls L-SA, Lecher SL, Thomas TK. Anaemia in HIV-infected pregnant women. Tropical Medicine and international health. 2016;21(3):373-384.
Dibua UME, Bager-Emeka L, Ugonabo AJ. HIV and malaria co infection: Their combine effects on pregnancy outcomes in Anambra state, southeast Nigeria. International Journal of Medicine And Medicinal Science. 2013;5(10):438- 449.
Cheesbrough Monica. District Laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge university press, Second edition update parts. 2010;2:274-280.
Oladeinde BH, Phil ROM, Olley M, Anunibe JA. Prevalence of HIV and Anaemia among pregnant women. North American Journal of Medical Science. 2011;3(12):548-551.
WHO. World malaria report 2017 World health organization; 2017.
Foca E, Odolini S, Brianese N, Carosi G. Malaria and HIV in adults: When the parasite runs into the virus. Mediterranean Journal of Haematology and infectious diseases. Dis. 2012;4:e2012032.
Ogboi SJ, Agu PU, Akpoigbe JK, Fagbamigbe AF, Audu OJ, Obianwu IM, Akabueze J. Prevalence and risk factors of malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Enugu, South-east, Nigeria. Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research; 2014.
DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000321.
Tongo OO, Orimadegun AE, Akinyinka OO. Utilisation of malaria preventive measures during pregnancy and birth outcomes in Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11(1):1.
Koura GK, Ouedraogo S, Le Port A. Anaemia during pregnancy: impact on birth outcome and infant haemoglobin level during the first 18 months of life. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2012;17(3):283-291.
Beaudrap PD, Turyakira E, White LJ. Impact of malaria during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes in a Ugandan prospective cohort with intensive malaria screening and prompt treatment. Malaria Journal. 2013;12(1):139.
Rijken MJ, De Livera AM, Lee SJ. Quantifying Low Birth Weight, Preterm Birth and Small-for-Gestational-Age Effects of Malaria in Pregnancy: A Population Cohort Study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e100247.
Dicko A, Mantel C, Thera M, Doumbia S, Diallo M. Risk factors for malaria infection and anaemia for pregnant women in the Sahel area of Bandiagara. Mali Acta Tropica. 2003;89:17–23.
Desai M, Kulie FO, Nosten F. Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infectious Disease. 2007;7:93-104.
Brentlinger PE, Behrens CB, Micek MA. Challenges in the management of malaria and HIV in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet infectious Disease. 2006;6:100-111.
OLusi TA, Abe AF. Co-infection of HIV and malaria parasites in pregnant women attending major ante-natal health facilities in Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology and Vector biology. 2014.6(9):124-130.
Naing L, Winn T, Rusli BN. Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Archives of Orofacial Sciences. 2006;1:9-14.
Karim K. Polymerase chain reaction: principle and application; 2019.
Available:https//www.intechopen.com/books/synthetic-biology-new-interdisiplinary-science/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-principle and application assessed on feburary, 2019.
Saeed, K, Ahmad-saeed N. Real-time polymerase chain reaction: Application in diagnostic Microbiology. International Journal of Medical Students. 20131(1):28-36
Armstrong JA, Schulz JR. Essential laboratory Technique, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis . Current protocols wiley online library assessed on 20th September; 2018.
Adkins S, Burmeister M. Visualization of DNA in agarose gels as migrating colored bands: Application for preparative gels and educational demonstrations. Anal Biochemistry. 1996;240(1):17-23.
WHO 2016. World malaria report 2016; 2016.
World Health Organization. Trends in maternal mortality: 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations; 2019.
Roger S, Mwapasa V, Meshnick SR. Malaria in pregnancy, linking immunity and pathogenesis to prevention. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007;77(6):12.
Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM. Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: A systematic analysis of population representative data. Lancet Global Health. 2013;1(1):e16-e25.
Haidar J. Prevalence of anaemia deficiencies of iron and folic acid and their determinants in Ethiopian women. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2010;28(4):359-368.
Wemakor Anthony. BMC pregnancy and child birth. Prevalence and determinants of anaemia in pregnant women receiving antenatal care at a tertiary referral hospital in Northern Ghana. 2019;19:495:1- 11.
Ukibe SN,Ukibe NR, Mbanugo JI, Ikeakor LC. Prevalence of malaria among pregnant women attending antenatals clinics in hospitals in Anambra state, South East Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of parasitology. 2016;37(2):240-244.
Ejike BU, Ohaeri CC, Amaechi EC, Ejike EN, Okike-Osisiogu FU, Irole-Eze OP, Belonwu AC. Prevalence of falciparium malaria among women in Aba south local government area, Abia state, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Parasitology. 2017;38(1):48-52.
Opara KN, Ibanga ES, Wali NB, Usip LP. Falciparium malaria and susceptibility to genetic markers of pregnant women; 2004.
Igwe PC, Inem V, Ebuehi OM, Afolabi BM. The effect of insecticide treated bed net use on malaria episode parasitemia and haemoglobin concentration among the peri-urban settlement in south-east Nigeria. Journal of Rural and Tropical Public Health. 2007;6:24-32.
Matemo D, Kinuthia J, John FBS, Chung M, Farguhar C, John-stewart G, Karrie J. Indeterminate rapid HIV-1 test results among antenatal and postnatal mothers. Intj STD AIDS 2009;20(11):790-792.
Koura GK, Ouedraogo S, Le Port A. Anaemia during pregnancy: Impact on birth outcome and infant haemoglobin level during the first 18 months of life. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2012;17(3):283-291.
TerKuile F, Terlouw DJ, Phillips-Howard PA. Reduction of malaria during pregnancy by permethrin-treated nets in an area of intense perennial malaria transmission. America Journal of Tropical Medicine Hygiene. 2003;68(4):50–60.
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