Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among University Students in Uşak, Turkey
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International,
Page 135-142
DOI:
10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2230781
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a pandemic with implications for multi-organ systems including bone health and immunological processes. Low levels have been associated with several chronic and infectious diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among university students in Usak, Turkey. This cross-sectional study included 100 (44 male and 56 female) university students between January 2020 to February 2020. Demographics, medical history, sunlight exposure, dietary vitamin D intake, body mass index of each individual were recorded in face-to-face interviews. Subjects with known metabolic conditions affecting vitamin D metabolism were excluded. Vitamin D nutritional status was assessed as deficient if 25(OH)D levels were <20ng/mL, insufficient if between 20 and 30 ng/mL, sufficient if ≥30 ng/mL, while <10ng/mL was considered as severe. The mean age for all students was 20.18±1.77(18-30) years. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 11.60±9.81 among all students (12.22 ± 5.40 ng/mL in males, 11.11±12.24 ng/ml in females). 91 students (91%) were assessed as vitamin D deficient (92.86% among female, 88.64% among male, P >.05). Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among male students were 11.36 and 88.64%, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among medical students included in this study and its deficiency especially among female students is alarmingly prevalent. Absence of vitamin D fortified foods in Turkish market is shortcoming. Therefore, preventive strategies parallel to regular vitamin D fortified food consumption is seriously recommended.
Keywords:
- University students
- vitamin D deficiency
- Turkey.
How to Cite
Kamacı, S., Şanlı, S., Özdemir, A., Sardoğan, S., Erdoğan, S., & Şanlı, N. (2020). Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among University Students in Uşak, Turkey. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32(22), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2230781
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Lips P. Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103(3-5):620-625. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.076
Cantorna MT, Zhu Y, Froicu M, Wittke A. Vitamin D status, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and the immune system. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6):1717S-1720S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1717S
White JH. Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases, and regulation of innate immunity. Infect Immun. 2008;76(9):3837-3843. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00353-08
Pttas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Li T, Van Dam RM, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB. Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):650-656. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-1961
Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr SB, Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Giovannucci E, Wei M, Holick MF. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005; 97(1-2):179-194. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.06.018
Van Amerongen BM, Dijkstra CD, Lips P, Polman CH. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D: an update. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(8): 1095-1109. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601952
Carter SJ, Baranauskas MN, Fly AD. Considerations for Obesity, Vitamin D, and Physical Activity Amid the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Obesity. 2020;28(7):1176-1177. DOI: 10.1002/oby.22838
Faghih S, Abdolahzadeh M, Mohammadi M, Hasanzadeh. Prevalence of vitamin d deficiency and its related factors among university students in Shiraz, Iran. J. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(6):796-799.
Mason p. Vitamin D — function and uses. The Pharmaceutical Journal. 2006;277: 227-230.
Shakiba M, Nafei Z, Lotfi MH, Shajari A. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Female Students in Secondary Guidance School in Yazd City. Acta Med Iran. 2009; 47(3):209-214.
Meehan M, Penckofer S. The role of vitamin D in the aging Adult. J Aging Gerontol. 2014;2(2):60–71. DOI: 10.12974/2309-6128.2014.02.02.1
Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP. Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(4):936–942. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.4.936
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Katz A, Davis P, Scott-Findlay S. Ask and ye shall plan-A health needs assessment of a university population. Can J Public Health. 2002;93:63–66. DOI: 10.1007/BF03404421
Tucker P, Irwin JD. University students’ satisfaction with, interest in improving, and receptivity to attending programs aimed at health and well-being. Health Promot Pract. 2011;12(3):388–395. DOI: 10.1177/1524839908330814
von Bothmer MIK, Fridlund B. Gender differences in health habits and in motivation for a healthy lifestyle among Swedish university students. Nurs Health Sci. 2005;7(2):107–118. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2005.00227.x
Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4): 988-1007. DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988
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Atli T, Gullu S, Uysal AR, Erdogan G. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and effects of ultraviolet light on vitamin D levels in elderly Turkish population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005;40(1):53-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2004.05.006
Alagöl F, Shihadeh Y, Boztepe H, Tanakol R, Yarman S, Azizlerli H, Sandalci O. Sunlight exposure and vitamin D deficiency in Turkish women. J Endocrinol Invest. 2000;23(3):173-177. DOI: 10.1007/BF03343702
Guzel R, Kozanoglu E, Guler-Uysal F, Soyupak S, Sarpel T. Vitamin D status and bone mineral density of veiled and unveiled Turkish women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10(8):765-770. DOI: 10.1089/15246090152636523
Erkal MZ, Wilde J, Bilgin Y, Akinci A, Demir E, Bödeker RH, Mann M, Bretzel RG, Stracke H, Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism and generalized bone pain in Turkish immigrants in Germany: Identification of risk factors. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(8): 1133-1140. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0069-2
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Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Reddy DR, Aggarwal R, Singh R, Sawhney RC, et al. Vitamin D and bone mineral density status of healthy schoolchildren in northern India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(2): 477-482. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.2.477
Olmez D, Bober E, Buyukgebiz A, Cimrin D. The frequency of vitamin D insufficiency in healthy female adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95(10):1266-1269. DOI: 10.1080/08035250600580495
Hatun S, Islam O, Cizmecioglu F, Kara B, Babaoglu K, Berk F, et al. Subclinical vitamin D deficiency is increased in adolescent girls who wear concealing clothing. J Nutr. 2005;135(2): 0218-222. DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.2.218
Gurbuz B, Henderson K. Exploring the Meanings of Leisure among Turkish University Students. Croatian Journal of Education. 2013;15(4):927-957.
Afrozul Haq, Jitka Svobodová, Nighat Y. Sofi, Andrea Jindrová, Bohumil Kába, Jaishen Rajah, Fatme Al Anouti, Laila Abdel-Wareth, Sunil J. Wimalawansa, Mohammed S. Razzaque. Vitamin D status among the juvenile population: A retrospective study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;175:49-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.005
Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Vitamin D in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, distribution and disease associations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;175:102-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.017
WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation report; 2019. Available: https://covid19.who.int Published September 3, 2020. Accessed September 4, 2020.
Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988-1007. DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988
Panarese A, Shahini E. Letter to the Editors: Covid-19, and vitamin D. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(10):993-995. DOI: 10.1111/apt.15752
Bordelon P, Ghetu MV, Langan R. Recognition and management of vitamin D deficiency. Am Fam Physician. 2009;80(8): 841-846.
Lips P. Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103(3-5):620-625. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.076
Cantorna MT, Zhu Y, Froicu M, Wittke A. Vitamin D status, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and the immune system. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6):1717S-1720S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1717S
White JH. Vitamin D signaling, infectious diseases, and regulation of innate immunity. Infect Immun. 2008;76(9):3837-3843. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00353-08
Pttas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Li T, Van Dam RM, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB. Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):650-656. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-1961
Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr SB, Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Giovannucci E, Wei M, Holick MF. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005; 97(1-2):179-194. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.06.018
Van Amerongen BM, Dijkstra CD, Lips P, Polman CH. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D: an update. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(8): 1095-1109. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601952
Carter SJ, Baranauskas MN, Fly AD. Considerations for Obesity, Vitamin D, and Physical Activity Amid the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Obesity. 2020;28(7):1176-1177. DOI: 10.1002/oby.22838
Faghih S, Abdolahzadeh M, Mohammadi M, Hasanzadeh. Prevalence of vitamin d deficiency and its related factors among university students in Shiraz, Iran. J. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(6):796-799.
Mason p. Vitamin D — function and uses. The Pharmaceutical Journal. 2006;277: 227-230.
Shakiba M, Nafei Z, Lotfi MH, Shajari A. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Female Students in Secondary Guidance School in Yazd City. Acta Med Iran. 2009; 47(3):209-214.
Meehan M, Penckofer S. The role of vitamin D in the aging Adult. J Aging Gerontol. 2014;2(2):60–71. DOI: 10.12974/2309-6128.2014.02.02.1
Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP. Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(4):936–942. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.4.936
Dinger MK, Waigandt A. Dietary intake and physical activity behaviors of male and female college students. Am J Health Promot. 1997;11(5):360–362. DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-11.5.360
Katz A, Davis P, Scott-Findlay S. Ask and ye shall plan-A health needs assessment of a university population. Can J Public Health. 2002;93:63–66. DOI: 10.1007/BF03404421
Tucker P, Irwin JD. University students’ satisfaction with, interest in improving, and receptivity to attending programs aimed at health and well-being. Health Promot Pract. 2011;12(3):388–395. DOI: 10.1177/1524839908330814
von Bothmer MIK, Fridlund B. Gender differences in health habits and in motivation for a healthy lifestyle among Swedish university students. Nurs Health Sci. 2005;7(2):107–118. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2005.00227.x
Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4): 988-1007. DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988
Hekimsoy Z, Dinç G, Kafesçiler S, Onur E, Güvenç Y, Pala T, et al. Vitamin D status among adults in the Aegean region of Turkey. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:782-789. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-782
Atli T, Gullu S, Uysal AR, Erdogan G. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and effects of ultraviolet light on vitamin D levels in elderly Turkish population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2005;40(1):53-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2004.05.006
Alagöl F, Shihadeh Y, Boztepe H, Tanakol R, Yarman S, Azizlerli H, Sandalci O. Sunlight exposure and vitamin D deficiency in Turkish women. J Endocrinol Invest. 2000;23(3):173-177. DOI: 10.1007/BF03343702
Guzel R, Kozanoglu E, Guler-Uysal F, Soyupak S, Sarpel T. Vitamin D status and bone mineral density of veiled and unveiled Turkish women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10(8):765-770. DOI: 10.1089/15246090152636523
Erkal MZ, Wilde J, Bilgin Y, Akinci A, Demir E, Bödeker RH, Mann M, Bretzel RG, Stracke H, Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism and generalized bone pain in Turkish immigrants in Germany: Identification of risk factors. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(8): 1133-1140. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0069-2
WHO Scientific Group on the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis (2000: Geneva, Switzerland). (2003). Prevention and management of osteoporosis: Report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organization. Accessed 6 July 2020. Available:https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42841
Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB, editors. IOM (Institute of Medicine). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.
Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Reddy DR, Aggarwal R, Singh R, Sawhney RC, et al. Vitamin D and bone mineral density status of healthy schoolchildren in northern India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(2): 477-482. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.2.477
Olmez D, Bober E, Buyukgebiz A, Cimrin D. The frequency of vitamin D insufficiency in healthy female adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95(10):1266-1269. DOI: 10.1080/08035250600580495
Hatun S, Islam O, Cizmecioglu F, Kara B, Babaoglu K, Berk F, et al. Subclinical vitamin D deficiency is increased in adolescent girls who wear concealing clothing. J Nutr. 2005;135(2): 0218-222. DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.2.218
Gurbuz B, Henderson K. Exploring the Meanings of Leisure among Turkish University Students. Croatian Journal of Education. 2013;15(4):927-957.
Afrozul Haq, Jitka Svobodová, Nighat Y. Sofi, Andrea Jindrová, Bohumil Kába, Jaishen Rajah, Fatme Al Anouti, Laila Abdel-Wareth, Sunil J. Wimalawansa, Mohammed S. Razzaque. Vitamin D status among the juvenile population: A retrospective study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;175:49-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.005
Nasser M. Al-Daghri. Vitamin D in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, distribution and disease associations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;175:102-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.017
WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation report; 2019. Available: https://covid19.who.int Published September 3, 2020. Accessed September 4, 2020.
Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988-1007. DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988
Panarese A, Shahini E. Letter to the Editors: Covid-19, and vitamin D. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(10):993-995. DOI: 10.1111/apt.15752
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