Assessment of Nicotine Dependence, Cotinine Level and Carbon Monoxide Levels among Tobacco Users Employed in Private Automobile Companies in Chennai
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International,
Page 49-68
DOI:
10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2030729
Abstract
Background and Aim: Tobacco is a leading preventable cause of death which causes death of six millions each year worldwide. One of the most effective methods of preventing this are tobacco counseling sessions as it provides a platform for the patient and the dental professionals to map out a plan for the patient to lead a tobacco free life. Therefore, the study was conducted to assess nicotine dependence, cotinine level and carbon monoxide levels among tobacco users employed in private automobile companies in Chennai.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Subject and Methods: A cross sectional study of 53 males was conducted among automobile company employees, using simple random sampling technique in Chennai, India. A detailed questionnaire assessing their demographic data, pattern of usage of tobacco, Fagerstrom test for Nicotine Dependence was recorded, carbon monoxide levels were recorded using Smokerlyzer, and presence of urine cotinine was recorded. Descriptive statistics and Chi square test were used to analyze the data.
Results: The mean age of the study participants was 31.7±11.32. Prevalence of smoking tobacco (64.20%) was higher among the study participants. Majority of the smoker study participants were highly dependent on tobacco, according to the FNTD scale. No statistical significance was found between dependency on nicotine and carbon monoxide levels among users of smoking tobacco (p <0.05). A statistical significant association (p <0.05) was found between dependency on nicotine and presence of urine cotinine among smokers.
Conclusion: High level of nicotine dependence was observed in the smoker participants, and cotinine in urine was found to be a prominent marker of nicotine among users of smoking tobacco. Carbon monoxide levels were high among people with higher dependency on smoking.
Keywords:
- Cigarette
- cognitive behavior therapy
- fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence
- nicotine replacement therapy
- smoking
How to Cite
Barma, M. D., & Kumar, R. P. (2020). Assessment of Nicotine Dependence, Cotinine Level and Carbon Monoxide Levels among Tobacco Users Employed in Private Automobile Companies in Chennai. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32(20), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2030729
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Bittar TO, Paranhos LR, Fornazari DH, Pereira AC. Epidemiological features of oral cancer: A world public health matter. RFO UPF [Internet]. 2010;15(1):87–93.
Available:http://revodonto.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?pid=S1413-40122010000100016&script=sci_arttext
Malhi R, Patthi B, Singla A, Dhama K, Niraj LK, Ali I. Breaking the hurdle with three tobacco cessation interventions in your life: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry [Internet]. 2018[cited 2020 Jul 4];16(2):103.
Available:http://www.jiaphd.org/article.asp?issn=2319-5932;year=2018;volume=16;issue=2;spage=103;epage=108;aulast=Malhi
Jiloha RC. Pharmacotherapy of smoking cessation. Indian J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2014;56(1): 87–95.
Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.124726
Foulds J, Burke M, Steinberg M, Williams JM, Ziedonis DM. Advances in pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs [Internet]. 2004;9(1):39–53.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/eoed.9.1.39.32951
Leelavathi L, Others. Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation-An Overview. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development [Internet]. 2019;10(11).
Available:http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=09760245&AN=141274498&h=gYL53P0RTDuihXfEOqLsBmolOVY%2Fn1jwd7eokhNcHN%2F5g8CVaYKbt1wU4UOsqeCY51fRbe6Ner1I6TkeG%2FuwDg%3D%3D&crl=c
Bricker JB, Bush T, Zbikowski SM, Mercer LD, Heffner JL. Randomized Trial of Telephone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Smoking Cessation: A Pilot Study. Nicotine Tob Res [Internet]. 2014 Nov 1 [cited 2020 Jul 4];16(11):1446–54.
Available:https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article-abstract/16/11/1446/2857869
Smith SS, McCarthy DE, Japuntich SJ, Christiansen B, Piper ME, Jorenby DE, et al. Comparative effectiveness of 5 smoking cessation pharmacotherapies in primary care clinics. Arch Intern Med [Internet]. 2009;169(22):2148–55.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.426
2008 PHS Guideline Update Panel, Liaisons, and Staff. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update U.S. Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline executive summary. Respir Care [Internet]. 2008;53(9):1217–22.
Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18807274
Shrivastava SR, Shrivastava PS, Ramasamy J. Implementing mTobacco Cessation program in India to assist users in quitting tobacco: World Health Organization. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health [Internet]. 2017;10(6): 1417.
Available:http://www.atmph.org/article.asp?issn=1755-6783;year=2017;volume=10;issue=6;spage=1417;epage=1418;aulast=Shrivastava
Prabakar J, John J, Arumugham IM, Kumar RP, Sakthi DS. Comparing the Effectiveness of Probiotic, Green Tea, and Chlorhexidine- and Fluoride-containing Dentifrices on Oral Microbial Flora: A Double-blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Contemp Clin Dent [Internet]. 2018;9(4): 560–9.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_659_18
Prabakar J, John J, Arumugham IM, Kumar RP, Sakthi DS. Comparative Evaluation of the Viscosity and Length of Resin Tags of Conventional and Hydrophilic Pit and Fissure Sealants on Permanent Molars: An Study. Contemp Clin Dent [Internet]. 2018;9(3): 388–94.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_131_18
Prabakar J, John J, Arumugham IM, Kumar RP, Srisakthi D. Comparative Evaluation of Retention, Cariostatic Effect and Discoloration of Conventional and Hydrophilic Sealants - A Single Blinded Randomized Split Mouth Clinical Trial. Contemp Clin Dent [Internet]. 2018; 9(Suppl 2):S233–9.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_132_18
Shenoy RP, Salam TAA, Varghese S. Prevalence and Clinical Parameters of Cervical Abrasion as a Function of Population, Age, Gender, and Toothbrushing Habits: A Systematic Review. World Journal of Dentistry [Internet]. 2019;10(6):470–80.
Available:https://www.wjoud.com/doi/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1685
Manchery N, John J, Nagappan N, Subbiah G, Premnath P. Remineralization potential of dentifrice containing nanohydroxyapatite on artificial carious lesions of enamel: A comparative in vitro study. Dent Res J [Internet]. 2019;16(5): 310.
Available:http://www.drjjournal.net/text.asp?2019/16/5/310/266096
Vishnu Prasad S, Kumar M, Ramakrishnan M, Ravikumar D. Report on oral health status and treatment needs of 5-15 years old children with sensory deficits in Chennai, India. Spec Care Dentist [Internet]. 2018;38(1):58–9.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/scd.12267
Khatri SG, Madan KA, Srinivasan SR, Acharya S. Retention of moisture-tolerant fluoride-releasing sealant and amorphous calcium phosphate-containing sealant in 6-9-year-old children: A randomized controlled trial. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent [Internet]. 2019;37(1):92–8.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_173_18
Sharma P, Sane N, Anand SD, Marimutthu P, Benegal V. Assessment of cotinine in urine and saliva of smokers, passive smokers, and nonsmokers: Method validation using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Indian J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2019;61(3):270–6.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_61_18
Boutayeb A, Boutayeb S. The burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries. Int J Equity Health [Internet]. 2005;4(1):2.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-4-2
Pednekar M, Nagler E, Pawar P, Sorensen G, Narake S, Stoddard MA, et al. The prevalence of tobacco use among manufacturing workers: findings from the baseline survey of the Mumbai worksite tobacco control study. Prev Med. 2016; 1(1):3.
Lindström M. Social capital, economic conditions, marital status and daily smoking: A population-based study. Public Health [Internet]. 2010;124(2):71–7.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.01.003
Kim S. Smoking Prevalence and the Association between Smoking and Sociodemographic Factors Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2008 to 2010. Tob Use Insights [Internet]. 2012;5: TUI.S9841.
Available:https://doi.org/10.4137/TUI.S9841
Hosey GM, Samo M, Gregg EW, Barker L, Padden D, Bibb SG. Association of Socioeconomic Position and Demographic Characteristics with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Healthcare Access among Adults Living in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis [Internet]. 2014;2014:595678.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/595678
Sharma D, Goel S, Lal P. Education differential in relation to tobacco use and its predictors across different regions of India. Indian J Cancer [Internet]. 2017; 54(3):584–8.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijc.IJC_345_17
Gavarasana S, Gorty PV, Allam A. Illiteracy, ignorance, and willingness to quit smoking among villagers in India. Jpn J Cancer Res [Internet]. 1992;83(4):340–3.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1992.tb00112.x
Jandoo T, Mehrotra R. Tobacco control in India: Present scenario and challenges ahead. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev [Internet]. 2008;9(4):805–10.
Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19256780
Danawala SA, Arora M, Stigler MH. Analysis of motivating factors for smokeless tobacco use in two Indian states. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev [Internet]. 2014;15(16):6553–8.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.16.6553
Azagba S, Sharaf MF. The effect of job stress on smoking and alcohol consumption. Health Econ Rev [Internet]; 2011.
Available:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2191-1991-1-15
Chezhian C, Murthy S, PraSad S, KaSav JB, Mohan SK, Sharma S, et al. Exploring factors that influence smoking initiation and cessation among current smokers. J Clin Diagn Res [Internet]. 2015;9(5):LC08.
Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc4484092/
Harsha SS, Kumar RP. Assessment of smoking pattern among patients visiting a private dental hospital in Chennai, India. IOSR-JDMS. 2014;13(1):22–5.
Babu NK, Indiran MA, Rathinavelu PK, Kannan SSD. Assessing the compliance with cigarettes and other tobacco products act 2003 in Chennai: An observational study. Drug Invention Today [Internet]. 2019;12(2).
Available:http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=09757619&AN=135073054&h=qWoywWcPYv0Kbvvat3POHQ56GT42yI8LVD1BbUBH8U3DkuDJPDRF10zD0RT51TRmXSn9vwn9Ktfdi4sj8Ol5bw%3D%3D&crl=c
Naik BN, Majella MG, Parthibane S, Kar SS. Level of tobacco dependence among tobacco users in an urban slum of Puducherry: A pilot study. J Family Med Prim Care [Internet]. 2017; 6(2):336–9.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.220000
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