Cross Sectional Survey on the Amount of Sugar Content in Cakes on Sale in Chennai and Its Correlation with Dental Caries
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International,
Page 77-86
DOI:
10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1730670
Abstract
Cakes are one of the most commonly consumed product by kids and adults and are consumed even more during special occasions. Packaged cake products have a lot of sugar content in them and sugar is one of the main factors causing dental caries in children. Keeping all this in mind this research was done to evaluate the correlation between the amount of cakes consumed and the incidence of dental craie in children. The data was collected from products packaging nutrition labelling provided by the company and also included the products name, pack weight, serving size, total sugars per 100 gms as well as per suggested serving size. A questionnaire was used to obtain the information on the correlation with dental caries. The data was collected and tabulated in excel sheet. The data analysis was done using SPSS software by IBM. A total of 40 products were collected and tabulated. The average sugar content in cakes was 22.5 g. There was a large variation in sugar content between different cakes of the different categories within the same categories. Among the 40 products, 36 products showed a high sugar content when compared to the normal recommended dose for children. The study showed that the sugar content present in cakes was high and there can be a reduction in the amount of sugar present in it and thus reduce the risk of obesity and dental caries.
Keywords:
- Sugar
- cakes
- caries
- reduction
- recommended dose
- dental caries
How to Cite
Paul, R., & Gurunathan, D. (2020). Cross Sectional Survey on the Amount of Sugar Content in Cakes on Sale in Chennai and Its Correlation with Dental Caries. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32(17), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1730670
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Samuel SR, Acharya S, Rao JC. School interventions-based prevention of early-childhood caries among 3-5-year-old children from very low socioeconomic status: Two-year randomized trial. J Public Health Dent. 2020;80:51–60.
Ramakrishnan M, Dhanalakshmi R, Subramanian EMG. Survival rate of different fixed posterior space maintainers used in paediatric dentistry - A systematic review. Saudi Dent J. 2019;31:165–72.
Vishnu Prasad S, Kumar M, Ramakrishnan M, Ravikumar D. Report on oral health status and treatment needs of 5-15 years old children with sensory deficits in Chennai, India. Spec Care Dentist. 2018;38:58–9.
Skaret E, Espelid I, Skeie MS, Haugejorden O. Parental beliefs and attitudes towards child caries prevention: Assessing consistency and validity in a longitudinal design. BMC Oral Health. 2008;8:1.
Vargas CM, Crall JJ, Schneider DA. Sociodemographic distribution of pediatric dental caries: NHANES III, 1988–1994. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1998;129:1229–38.
Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: The role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:6–16.
Wardle J, Steptoe A. Socioeconomic differences in attitudes and beliefs about healthy lifestyles. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:440–3.
Zupanič N, Miklavec K, Kušar A, Žmitek K, Mis NF, Pravst I. Total and free sugar content of pre-packaged foods and non-alcoholic beverages in Slovenia. Nutrients. 2018;10:151.
Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020151
Shukri NMM, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R, Mohan SK. Awareness in childhood obesity. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2016;9:1658–62.
Swetha TV, Gayathri R, Priya VV. Awareness on overeating among schoolchildren in electronic era. Drug Invention Today. 2018;10.
Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury AK, Sofi NY, Kumar R, Bhadoria AS. Childhood obesity: Causes and consequences. J Family Med Prim Care. 2015;4:187–92.
Raj M, Sundaram KR, Paul M, Deepa AS, Kumar RK. Obesity in Indian children: Time trends and relationship with hypertension. Natl Med J India. 2007;20:288–93.
Laxmaiah A, Nagalla B, Vijayaraghavan K, Nair M. Factors affecting prevalence of overweight among 12‐to 17‐year‐old urban adolescents in Hyderabad, India. Obesity; 2007.
Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Carbohydrates and Health Report. Stationery Office; 2015.
Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M, Howard BV, Lefevre M, Lustig RH, et al. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health. Circulation. 2009;120:1011–20.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.109.192627
Page JS. Boildown study on supernatant liquid retrieved from AW-106 in December 2012, 2013.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2172/1082481
The American Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Ed. 22. Dorland WAN, A.M., M.D., F.A.C.S. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1951. $10.00. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. 1951;33: 1040.
Section On Oral Health. Maintaining and improving the oral health of young children. Pediatrics. 2014;134:1224–9.
Ruottinen S, Karjalainen S, Pienihäkkinen K, Lagström H, Niinikoski H, Salminen M, et al. Sucrose intake since infancy and dental health in 10-year-old children. Caries Res. 2004;38:142–8.
Paunio P, Rautava P, Helenius H, Alanen P, Sillanpää M. The finnish family competence study: The relationship between caries, dental health habits and general health in 3-year-old finnish children. Caries Research. 1993;27:154–60.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1159/000261534
Mäkinen KK, Mäkinen PL, Pape HR Jr, Peldyak J, Hujoel P, Isotupa KP, et al. Conclusion and review of the Michigan Xylitol Programme (1986-1995) for the prevention of dental caries. Int Dent J. 1996;46:22–34.
Das S, Das AK, Murphy RA, Warty S. Cariostatic effect of aspartame in rats. Caries Res. 1997;31:78–83.
Marshall TA, Broffitt B, Eichenberger-Gilmore J, Warren JJ, Cunningham MA, Levy SM. The roles of meal, snack, and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children. J Public Health Dent. 2005;65:166–73.
Ravikumar D, N S, Ramakrishna M, Sharna N, Robindro W. Evaluation of McNamara’s analysis in South Indian (Tamil Nadu) children between 8-12 years of age using lateral cephalograms. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2019;9:193–7.
Ravikumar D, Gurunathan D, Gayathri R, Priya V, Geetha RV. DNA profiling of Streptococcus mutans in children with and without black tooth stains: A polymerase chain reaction analysis. Dent Res J. 2018;15:334.
Ravikumar D, Jeevanandan G, Subramanian EMG. Evaluation of knowledge among general dentists in treatment of traumatic injuries in primary teeth: A cross-sectional questionnaire study. Eur J Dent. 2017;11:232–7.
Ravindra V, Rekha V, Annamalai S, Sharmin D, Norouzi-Baghkomeh P. A comparative evaluation between dermatoglyphic patterns and different terminal planes in primary dentition. J Clin Exp Dent. 2018;10:e1149–54.
Ravindra V, Rekha CV, Annamalai S, Sharmin DD, Norouzi-Baghkomeh P. A comparative evaluation between cheiloscopic patterns and the permanent molar relationships to predict the future malocclusions. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019;11:e553–7.
Govindaraju L, Jeevanandan G, Subramanian EMG. Comparison of quality of obturation and instrumentation time using hand files and two rotary file systems in primary molars: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Eur J Dent. 2017;11:376–9.
Govindaraju L, Jeevanandan G, Subramanian EMG. Knowledge and practice of rotary instrumentation in primary teeth among indian dentists: A questionnaire survey. J Int Oral Health. 2017;9:45.
Nair M, Jeevanandan G, Vignesh R, Emg S. Comparative evaluation of post-operative pain after pulpectomy with k-files, kedo-s files and mtwo files in deciduous molars - A randomized clinical trial. BDS. 2018;21:411.
Jeevanandan G, Ganesh S, Arthilakshmi. Kedo file system for root canal preparation in primary teeth. Indian J Dent Res. 2019;30:622–4.
Panchal V, Jeevanandan G, Subramanian E. Comparison of instrumentation time and obturation quality between hand K-file, H-files, and rotary Kedo-S in root canal treatment of primary teeth: A randomized controlled trial. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2019;37:75–9.
Subramanyam D, Gurunathan D, Gaayathri R, Vishnu Priya V. Comparative evaluation of salivary malondialdehyde levels as a marker of lipid peroxidation in early childhood caries. Eur J Dent. 2018;12:67–70.
Vignesh R, Sharmin D, Rekha CV, Annamalai S, Baghkomeh PN. Management of complicated crown-root fracture by extra-oral fragment re-attachment and intentional reimplantation with 2 years review. Contemp Clin Dent. 2019;10:397–401.
Ramadurai N, Gurunathan D, Samuel AV, Subramanian E, Rodrigues SJL. Effectiveness of 2% Articaine as an anesthetic agent in children: randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23:3543–50.
Panchal V, Gurunathan D, Shanmugaavel AK. Smartphone application as an aid in determination of caries risk and prevention: A pilot study. Eur J Dent. 2017;11:469–74.
Panchal V, Jeevanandan G, Subramanian EMG. Comparison of post-operative pain after root canal instrumentation with hand K-files, H-files and rotary Kedo-S files in primary teeth: A randomised clinical trial. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2019;20:467–72.
Jeevanandan G, Govindaraju L. Clinical comparison of Kedo-S paediatric rotary files vs manual instrumentation for root canal preparation in primary molars: A double blinded randomised clinical trial. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2018;19:273–8.
Samuel SR, Acharya S, Rao JC. School interventions-based prevention of early-childhood caries among 3-5-year-old children from very low socioeconomic status: Two-year randomized trial. J Public Health Dent. 2020;80:51–60.
Ramakrishnan M, Dhanalakshmi R, Subramanian EMG. Survival rate of different fixed posterior space maintainers used in paediatric dentistry - A systematic review. Saudi Dent J. 2019;31:165–72.
Vishnu Prasad S, Kumar M, Ramakrishnan M, Ravikumar D. Report on oral health status and treatment needs of 5-15 years old children with sensory deficits in Chennai, India. Spec Care Dentist. 2018;38:58–9.
Skaret E, Espelid I, Skeie MS, Haugejorden O. Parental beliefs and attitudes towards child caries prevention: Assessing consistency and validity in a longitudinal design. BMC Oral Health. 2008;8:1.
Vargas CM, Crall JJ, Schneider DA. Sociodemographic distribution of pediatric dental caries: NHANES III, 1988–1994. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1998;129:1229–38.
Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: The role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:6–16.
Wardle J, Steptoe A. Socioeconomic differences in attitudes and beliefs about healthy lifestyles. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:440–3.
Zupanič N, Miklavec K, Kušar A, Žmitek K, Mis NF, Pravst I. Total and free sugar content of pre-packaged foods and non-alcoholic beverages in Slovenia. Nutrients. 2018;10:151.
Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020151
Shukri NMM, Vishnupriya V, Gayathri R, Mohan SK. Awareness in childhood obesity. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2016;9:1658–62.
Swetha TV, Gayathri R, Priya VV. Awareness on overeating among schoolchildren in electronic era. Drug Invention Today. 2018;10.
Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury AK, Sofi NY, Kumar R, Bhadoria AS. Childhood obesity: Causes and consequences. J Family Med Prim Care. 2015;4:187–92.
Raj M, Sundaram KR, Paul M, Deepa AS, Kumar RK. Obesity in Indian children: Time trends and relationship with hypertension. Natl Med J India. 2007;20:288–93.
Laxmaiah A, Nagalla B, Vijayaraghavan K, Nair M. Factors affecting prevalence of overweight among 12‐to 17‐year‐old urban adolescents in Hyderabad, India. Obesity; 2007.
Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Carbohydrates and Health Report. Stationery Office; 2015.
Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M, Howard BV, Lefevre M, Lustig RH, et al. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health. Circulation. 2009;120:1011–20.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.109.192627
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