An Overview on Common Organic Solvents and Their Toxicity
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International,
Page 1-18
DOI:
10.9734/jpri/2019/v28i330203
Abstract
Organic solvents are known as carbon-based solvents and their general property is primarily based on their volatility, boiling point, the molecular weight and color. Having enormous hazards associated with the organic solvents, they are used for millions of purposes which alert us to think more on its toxicity points. Almost all of the solvents are hazardous to health, if swallowed or inhaled more than the limit quantity and on contact to the skin most of them cause irritation. Some of the common solvents are acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, heptane, dichloromethane, methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, toluene, dimethylsulfoxide etc. Researchers, scientists, workers in the chemical industry and research institutes use these solvents on regular basis leading them to be affected in major aspects. But also, the nearby persons are affected by the contamination to the soil, water, air etc. If constantly exposed with solvents, it will badly affect the function of CNS and other body parts. The level of impact, sign and symptoms will depend on concentration, time, duration, frequency and nature of solvents, leading to common effects like headache, dizziness, tiredness, blurred vision, behavioral changes, unconsciousness, and even(Zimmermann, Mayer et al. 1985) death. To overcome it, the green chemistry concept is growing rapidly, and the solvent selection guide is in practice in many big company and research institute. A researcher or chemical worker is the primary person who works with solvents and they need to consider throughout these things while performing their activities for their own good health and for the sake of the world. The purpose of this review is to provide needed basic knowledge about common organic solvents and their potential toxicities which will alert researchers to think twice and always think for their health as well as for the environment via safe and green practice.
Keywords:
- Organic solvents
- toxicity
- acetone
- toluene
- n-hexane
- green chemistry
How to Cite
Joshi, D. and Adhikari, N. (2019) “An Overview on Common Organic Solvents and Their Toxicity”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 28(3), pp. 1-18. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2019/v28i330203.
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Singh A, Rana S. Ovarian toxicity of benzene in rat. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health. 2017;10(1-2):27-33.
Graciani FS, Ferreira GLBV. Occupational health in Brazil and regulation and control of benzene toxicity. Revista Cubana de Salud Pública. 2014;40(3):406-411.
Branchflower RV, et al. Nephrotoxicity of chloroform: Metabolism to phosgene by the mouse kidney. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1984;72(1):159-168.
Yamamoto S, et al. Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity in rats and mice exposed to chloroform by inhalation. Journal of Occupational Health. 2002;44(5):283-293.
Brady JF, et al. Induction of cytochromes P450IIE1 and P450IIB1 by secondary ketones and the role of P450IIE1 in chloroform metabolism. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 1989;100(2):342-349.
Testai E, et al. The role of different cyto-chrome P450 isoforms in in vitro chloro-form metabolism. Journal of biochemical toxicology. 1996;11(6):305-312.
Ilett KF, et al. Chloroform toxicity in mice: Correlation of renal and hepatic necrosis with covalent binding of metabolites to tissue macromolecules. Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 1973;19(2):215-229.
Testai E, Vittozzi L. Different pathways of chloroform metabolism, in disease, metabolism and reproduction in the toxic response to drugs and other chemicals. Springer. 1984;278-281.
Gemma S, Vittozzi L, Testai E. Metabolism of chloroform in the human liver and identification of the competent P450s. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 2003;31(3): 266-274.
Burek J, et al. Methylene chloride: A two-year inhalation toxicity and oncogenicity study in rats and hamsters. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 1984;4(1):30-47.
Snyder RW, Mishel HS, Christensen GC. Pulmonary toxicity following exposure to methylene chloride and its combustion product, phosgene. Chest. 1992;101(3): 860-861.
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Horowitz BZ. Carboxyhemoglobinemia caused by inhalation of methylene chloride. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1986;4(1):48-51.
Barrowcliff D, Knell A. Cerebral damage due to endogenous chronic carbon mon-oxide poisoning caused by exposure to methylene chloride. Occupational Medicine. 1979;29(1):12-14.
Leikin JB, et al. Methylene chloride: Report of five exposures and two deaths. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1990;8(6):534-537.
Foster J, et al. Methylene chloride: An inhalation study to investigate toxicity in the mouse lung using morphological, biochemical and Clara cell culture techniques. Toxicology. 1994;91(3):221-234.
Ashurst JV, Nappe TM. Toxicity, methanol; 2018.
Ghosh P, et al. Mathematical Modeling for the prevention of methanol poisoning through ethanol by impulsive way. Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems. 2018;1-18.
Clay KL, Murphy R, Watrins WD. Experimental methanol toxicity in the primate: Analysis of metabolic acidosis. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1975;34(1):49-61.
Eells J, et al. Development and characteri-zation of a rodent model of methanol-induced retinal and optic nerve toxicity. Neurotoxicology. 2000;21(3):321-330.
Medinsky MA, Dorman DC. Recent developments in methanol toxicity. Toxico-logy Letters. 1995;82:707-711.
Pradhan M, et al. Histological changes in the Retina in methanol toxicity-A case report. Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 2014; 15(2).
Tellese Souza FG, et al. Optic neuropathy toxic after methanol inhalation. Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia. 2018; 77(1).
Tephly TR. The toxicity of methanol. Life Sciences. 1991;48(11):1031-1041.
Rohani M, Munhoz RP, Haeri G. Abnormal movements induced by methanol toxicity. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2017; 134947.
Souza AO, et al. Evaluation of Poly-brominated diphenyl ether toxicity on HepG2 cells–hexabrominated congener (BDE‐154) Is less toxic than tetrabro-minated congener (BDE‐47). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. 2016; 119(5):485-497.
Salimi A, et al. Toxicity of methyl tertiary-butyl ether on human blood lymphocytes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016;23(9):8556-8564.
Khalil A, et al. Perinatal exposure to 2, 2′, 4′ 4′− Tetrabromodiphenyl ether induces testicular toxicity in adult rats. Toxicology. 2017;389:21-30.
Dunnick J, et al. Carcinogenic activity of pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture (DE-71) in rats and mice. Toxicology Reports. 2018;5:615-624.
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