Factors Contributing in Incidence and Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome: Updated Mini Review
Ashgan Mohammed K. Al-Manzlawi
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Khalid O. Abulnaja
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center (KFMRC), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Mazin A. Zamzami
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Taha A. Kumosani
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center (KFMRC), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Production of Bio-Products for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Qari M.
Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Alaama Mohammed Nabil
King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Alaa Adel Aljehani
Clinical Biochemistry Lablaboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia.
Suzan Nouri Alturki
King Abdulaziz Univeristy Medical Services Center, Saudi Arabia.
Soonham S. Yaghmoor
Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center (KFMRC), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Production of Bio-Products for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Said S. Moselhy *
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center (KFMRC), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
It has been well-established that obesity is the major contributing factor forthe development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. According to WHO, 44% increase of diabetes, 23% increase of ischaemic heart disease, and between 7% and 41% increase of certain cancer are due to obesity. The Middle East region is reported to have the highest prevalence of diabetes in adults in the world. In Saudi Arabia, over 35% of the population are obese, and it is estimated that 24% of adult has diabetes including undiagnosed diabetes cases. Obesity and chronic metabolic disease associated obesity impose the heavy financial burden on national healthcare in the Gulf countries as they do in most countries worldwide. Biochemical markers for MetS included changes in trace elements, vitamin D,hormonal (adipokines, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin), inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10), biochemical markers (Ox-LDL, uric acid) and prothrombic factors (PAI-1). Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the primary of four serine peptidase inhibitors that functions to modulate extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrinolysis. The link between PAI-1 and MetS has been established. This review screening major factors and the association between PAI-1, trace elemnts, vitamin D, obesity hormone and expression of obesity genes for early prediction of MetS for control and management to prevent late complications.
Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, insulin, plasminogen factor, trace elements