Antibacterial Effect of Cinnamon Oil against Uropathogenic Multidrug Resistant

Cinnamon is known for its antimicrobial activity and the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of its essential oil against ten of the multidrug-resistant uropathogenic by agar well diffusion assays. The diameters of the inhibition zone to the Cinnamon oil were 27 mm for S. aureus, 24 mm for E coli , 20 mm for P.aeruginosa, 22 mm for K.pneumoniae , 23 mm for E.aerogenes & P. mirabilis , 24 mm for E. faecalis , and 27 mm for N.gonorrhoeae , A.baumanni, S.epidermis. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of the cinnamon essential oil are evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the inhibition zone, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Cinnamon was the most effective agent in inhibiting A.baumanni, N.gonorrhoeae, S. epidermis, E. faecalis and E. coli with the lowest MIC (0.0313%) while S.aureus, E. aerogenes and P. aeruginosa with MIC (0.125%) while P. mirabilis was 0.0625% in our study. The MBC was 0. 25% for A.baumanni, 0.5 % for N, gonorrhoeae , S. epidermis, E. faecalis, and K. pneumonia, while 1% S.aureus, E. aerogenes, P. mirabilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa.


INTRODUCTION
Cinnamon is a common spice that has been used for centuries by different cultures around the world. Cinnamon oil is extracted from the shredded cinnamon tree's dried inner bark. It is native to Sri Lanka and India's Malabar Coast. Jamaica and Brazil are also home to this species Original Research Article [1]. There has been a constant increase in the search for alternative and efficient compounds from cinnamon oil for multidrug-resistant bacteria, aimed at partial or total replacement of antimicrobial chemical additives where is Cinnamon oil has been shown to have numerous health benefits, especially as an antiinflammatory. Its phytochemical elements, such as phenolic and volatile compounds, are primarily responsible for this [2]. Various types of extraction methods are used to obtain cinnamon oil, which are solvent extraction, ultrasonic extraction, hydro-distillation, shaking, and stirring with organic solvents [3]. The chief significance of the above the study was therefore to test the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon oil against uropathogenic bacteria where is urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most common infection next to respiratory tract in human body. The disease affects people of all ages and both gender, about 150 million people are diagnosed with UTI yearly. As well as Enterobacteriaceae, gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacilli cause UTIs. The most common of these bacteria is Escherichia coli which forms about 90% of all Urinary tract infections. The other one is Klebsiella and Proteus, additionally, Pseudomonas that cause a complicated infections, especially in women. Staphylococci may cause 5-10% of UTIs in many populations. E. coli usually causes a child's first infection [4]. Staphylococcal infections, especially those due to Staphylococcus saprophyticus are common causes of urinary tract infection among female adolescent.

Essential Oils Distillation
Cinnamon commercial essential oils (purity ≥98%) was purchased from Bluray Nutritional Products runs under the brand name Bluray Nutritional. Essential oils (EO) were obtained by water-steam distillation for 6 hours by Clevenger apparatus at 100°C for 6 hours.

Antimicrobial Activity Test
Agar Well Diffusion Method (AWD): Bacterial suspension (1-2x 10 6 cells/mL.) was spreaded on Mueller Hinton agar plates using sterile cotton swab, then wells with a diameter of 6 mm were made on the surface and filled with (20µl), of cinnamon Standard Ciprofloxacin (20µl) were added to the 5mm well on agar plates.

Determination of Minimal Inhibitory and Bactericidal Concentrations
To facilitate the dilution of the oil and the reading of the results, Brain-Heart Infusion broth supplemented with 0.15% agar was used  Our research exhibited a strong variation in the anti-bacterial activity selected essential oil against ten bacterial species is summarized in Table 1 and Plate 1. The results revealed that the selected essential oil showed antibacterial activity with varying magnitudes. Cinnamon has been employed for centuries as food preservatives and as medicinal plants due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Nowadays, many reports confirmed the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticarcinogenic properties of spice plants [8]. In the present study, the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil against some important uropathogens studied and their potencies were qualitatively assessed by the presence or the absence of inhibition zone diameter. The results indicated that the essential oil of cinnamon had substantial antibacterial activity against E.coli, P.aeruginosa, K.pneumoniae, P.mirabilis, E.aerogenes, E.faecalis, A.baumanni, N.gonorrhoeae, S.aureus, and S.epidermis (≥20 mm inhibition zone diameter). (Table 2 and Table  2.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We carried out antibiotic susceptibility testing to determine the activity of cinnamon essential oil against growing uropathogens. As shown in Table 2, Cinnamon was the most effective agent in inhibiting A. baumanni, N.gonorrhoeae, S. epidermis, E. faecalis and E. coli with the lowest MIC (0.0313%) while S. aureus, E.aerogenes and P. aeruginosa with MIC (0.125%) while Proteus mirabilis was 0.0625% in our study. The MBC was 0. 25% for A.baumanni, 0.5 % for N.gonorrhoeae, S. epidermis, E. faecalis, and K. pneumonia, while 1% S. aureus, E. aerogenes, Pr. mirabilis, E. coli, and P.aeruginosa.Therefore the growth of uropathogenic was efficiently suppressed by Cinnamon oil at the concentration of 0.03%., 0.0625% and 0.125. Clinical drug Ciprofloxacin included as a control inhibited the growth of uropathogenic growing cells with MIC of 1 and 0.5 μg/mL (Table 3). Therefore, Cinnamon were highly effective against uropathogenic bacteria more Ciprofloxacin. The main reason for inhibiting the growth of bacteria is the active constituents in cinnamon oil, the variation in the concentration of the active compounds in each extract contribute to prevent the normal growth of the pathogenic bacteria [11,12]. Essential oil are potential source of novel antimicrobial activity especially pathogenic bacteria, cinnamon essential oil contain cinnamaldehyde and eugenol as major component [13]. Cinnamon oil also contain other active compounds which participate in antimicrobial activity as alkaloids, terpens, Cumarine and flavones [14]. The MIC results in this study agreed with [15], who mentioned that cinnamon oil gave (MIC) against some pathogenic bacteria (such as E. coli, K pneumonia, S. aureus , P aeroginosa, Proteus spp and Brucellaspp) and observed that gram positive bacteria was more sensitive than gram negative tocinnamon oil. The result of this study were corresponding with [16,17], they reported that S. aureus, E. coli and salmonella typhimurium were inhibited by essential oil of cinnamon. Friedman et al., [18] found that essential oil of cinnamon was active against E. coli and Campylobacter jejuni. In another study [19] recorded that essential oil of cinnamon showed high antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Trajano et al. [20] analyzed antimicrobial activity of 11 essential oils, including cinnamon, mint, black pepper, rosemary and ginger, against 10 strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They reported that among the oils tested, cinnamon showed greater inhibitory act.
According to [21] natural compounds such as essential oils can act on bacterial cells by disintegration of the cell membrane by destabilising the proton force, electron flow, active transport and coagulation of cell contents. However, considering that essential oils have many different groups of chemical compounds, the antibacterial activity may be related to its composition and the mechanism of action cannot be assigned to a specific mechanism. Besides, there may be other targets in the cell, not only the cytoplasmic membrane. The direction for proper use of essential oil may be closely related to its composition. High concentrations can denature proteins and low concentrations can interfere with the activity of enzymes involved in the energy production of the cell [22]. Silva et al. [23] analyzed the effect of essential oils on E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from humans and ATCC cultures. Cinnamon essential oil showed the lowest MIC values for the studied microorganisms thereby confirming its high inhibitory activity. The active compounds present in the essential oil of cinnamon such as eugenol and cinnamaldehyde are responsible for causing damage to the structure of bacterial cell wall and has the capacity to interfere with the synthesis of certain bacterial enzymes [24].

CONCLUSION
The antimicrobial effects of the cinnamon essential oil was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the inhibition zone, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Cinnamon have strong effective agent in inhibiting A. baumanni, N.gonorrhoeae, S. epidermis, E. faecalis and E. coli with the lowest MIC (0.0313%) while S. aureus, E.aerogenes and P. aeruginosa with MIC (0.125%) while Proteus mirabilis was 0.0625% in our study. The MBC was 0. 25% for A.baumanni, 0.5 % for N.gonorrhoeae, S. epidermis, E. faecalis, and K. pneumonia, while 1% S. aureus, E. aerogenes, Pr. mirabilis, E. coli, and P.aeruginosa. Therefore, the growth of uropathogenic was efficiently suppressed by Cinnamon oil at the concentration of 0.03%., 0.0625% and 0.125. Clinical drug Ciprofloxacin included as a control inhibited the growth of uropathogenic growing cells with MIC of 1 and 0.5 μg/mL. From the result we can conclude that cinnamon oil showed better inhibitory activity against uropathogenic multidrug resistant

DISCLAIMER
The products used for this research are commonly and predominantly use products in our area of research and country. There is absolutely no conflict of interest between the authors and producers of the products because we do not intend to use these products as an avenue for any litigation but for the advancement of knowledge. Also, the research was not funded by the producing company rather it was funded by personal efforts of the authors.

CONSENT
It's not applicable.