Effect of Yoga on Primary Dysmenorrhoea among Adolescent Girls – A Literature Review

Menstrual pain affects most of today female adolescents and this is a leading cause of school absenteeism/ college absenteeism. The researcher reviewed the various literatures to evaluate the effect of yoga on primary dysmenorrhoea and about prevalence through various sources such as Printed material, conference papers, Books as well as electronic sources which are Pubmed, CINHAL, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Science Direct and etc. Primary dysmenorrhoea is menstruation cramps which is common, recurrent and without any pathological condition. In India 50 to 87.8% adolescents had complaints of primary dysmenorrhoea, while equalling occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea from other countries, Ethiopia reported 70%, Malaysia 6.8% and Jordan reported 55.8%. There are many factors which make pain worse include heavier, irregular or longer, menstrual cycle; lack of exercise; mental or social stress; drinking alcohol; smoking; being overweight and other factors. Most of studies show that yogic practices like different yogasana such as Bhujanagasana, Matsyasana, Vajrasana, Dhanurasana, Apanasana and Shavasana, relaxation techniques, pranayama’s and meditation have proven very beneficial in the treatment of primary Dysmenorrhoea. After reviewing literatures its concluded that yoga is effective to decrease menstrual pain and it will also increase productivity in daily living activity by enhance selfconfidence level. Review Article Rajbhar et al.; JPRI, 33(47B): 157-161, 2021; Article no.JPRI.75440 158


INTRODUCTION
Primary dysmenorrhoea is common menstruation cramps that are recurrent and are not due to any pathological condition. Affected adolescents experienced sharp spasm in the supra pubic area and may radiate to the back, legs and thigh. [1] Pain can range from mild, moderate to severe, can last for 12 to 72 hours, and can be associated with nausea, vomiting and fatigue. Commonly menstruation cramps and pain usually become less as a woman ages advance and may be chances of cessation entirely if the woman has a baby [2].
Some studies reported that pain during the menstruation affects up to 90% of women of childbearing age at various point of life. 5-20% adolescents reported that dysmenorrhoea or pain make them to not fully participating in their usual activities [1]. Menstrual pain is one of the common problems faced by utmost adolescent.
In today's world the Yoga is regarded as a holistic approach for good health. National Institutes of Health considered yoga as Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). However, practice of yoga is more in india and it is part of main-stream medicine not an alternative healing system. Yoga is a combination of physical exercises, breathing exercise, mental meditation, and a part of specific lifestyle to relieve stress and strengthen the muscles. In addition to all above benefit yogic practices have proven it is very beneficial also in the treating dysmenorrhoea [3].
Yoga practices help to increase productivity in daily living activity of life and also enhance selfconfidence level. Regular yoga practices have benefits like corrects the physiological imbalances in the body and also makes the mental health by its deeper and subtler effects on mind, body and souls [4].

MATERIALS AND METHODS / FINDINGS
The studies reviewed related to the effect of yoga on primary dysmenorrhea and its prevalence rate. After reviewing around 35 literatures the researcher classified in three categories as mentioned.
1. Literature related to prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea 2. Literature related to effect on daily living activity of primary dysmenorrhoea. 3. Literature related to effectiveness of yoga on primary dysmenorrhoea.

Methodology:
A cross sectional study was conducted on 310 young girls who voluntarily agreed to participate in study and data was collected by semi-structured questionnaire related to menarche age, menstrual cycle and quality of life and also collected sociodemographic data [8].

Result: The Study
Significantly found that found that dysmenorrhea decrease attendance, work productivity and poor work satisfaction (P<0.05). selected UG nursing students. 20 student in each group: experimental and control. Study group engage in yoga for 60 minutes once a week for 12 weeks. Data was collected by using questionnaire and pain scale [11].
after yoga session (p=0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that yoga is effective to alleviate menstrual pain.

DISCUSSION
With this review paper we assessed effectiveness of yoga on primary dysmenorrhea.
Here we compared various studies related to prevalence, effect on daily living activity and effectiveness of yoga. For review we gone through various study were we found Primary dysmenorrhea have significant effect on daily living activities, hence having harmful effect, leading to increase non-attendance, abridged physical activity, lack of concentration, and poor societal relationship. This noticeably shows that dysmenorrhea is troubling the lifecycle of adolescents when linked with the lives of adolescents without dysmenorrhea. These results are on equivalence with other studies where the researchers have illuminated the effects of primary dysmenorrhea on physical fitness and emotional instabilities. Shabnam Omidvar, Fatemeh Nasiri and Khyunnisa Besgum and Ameade EPK, Amalba A, Mohammed BS found that majority of adolescents suffering from dysmenorrhoea taking PCM/Meftaspasm as management strategies.
Veena kirthika, concluded that gym ball exercise is more effective in comparison to yoga asana for alleviating the menstrual pain.
K Padmanabhan, Selvaraj S. and et.al, Shraddha Prabhu, Sanket Nagrale Ashok Shyam, Parag Sancheti and Nam-Young Yang and Sang-Dol Kim found Both core exercise and yogasana help to reduce menstrual pain but yogasana in more effective and improve the quality of life.

CONCLUSION
Hence after reviewing extensive literature review, the researcher found that various studies done on the present topic but either lack of some aspects and mainly done in setting other than researcher interest. Also review of studies suggest that there in decrease in menstrual pain by practicing yoga like different asana, relaxation techniques, pranayama's and meditation have proven very beneficial in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea and it will increase productivity in daily living activity of life and also enhance selfconfidence among adolescent girls. This study determined that yoga is effective to alleviate menstrual pain.

CONSENT
It is not applicable.

ETHICAL APPROVAL
It is not applicable.